Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Essay

History of the development of skiing in Russia

Introduction

Skis are one of the most ancient inventions of primitive man. The appearance of skis was due to man's need to hunt for food in winter and move across snow-covered terrain.

Skis appeared everywhere where people lived in snowy winter conditions. The first skis were walking skis. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was discovered in the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4,300 years ago.

The first written documents about the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. V. AD Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, Greek historians Jordan in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century. The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of skis and their use by the peoples of the North in hunting animals. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to records 925. represented as a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as a training accessory for Norwegian court dignitaries.

In 1733, Hans Emahusen published the first manual on ski training for troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767, the first competitions were held in all types of skiing (according to modern concepts): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim in 1862-1863. In 1877, the first ski sports society was organized in Norway, and soon a sports club was opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries in Europe, Asia and America. The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lahtin Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet mass ski race (since 1922). At the end of the 19th century. Skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization varied from country to country. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and combined events have gained great development. In Sweden - cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia there are races on flat terrain. In the United States, the development of skiing was facilitated by Scandinavian settlers. In Japan, skiing received an alpine skiing direction under the influence of Austrian coaches.

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It established the International Ski Commission, which was reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

At the 1st Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

Norwegian skier Tarleef Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping.

Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of “King of Skis”. In the 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian was able to repeat or even surpass the record of the world’s first “King of Skis.” For his victories on the track, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of his extraordinary sporting achievements, the stern and taciturn Norwegians, for the first time in the world, erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. The history of the Olympic movement of 60-70 knows only 2 cases when athletes were awarded such an honor. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics, Haug, and the hero of the Summer Olympics, Finn Paavo Nurmi.

1. Skiing in Russia

skiing sport record

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current Young Pioneers Stadium, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing - the Moscow Ski Club - took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in 1901, and in 1910 the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with the Moscow one, the Polar Star ski club was created in St. Petersburg in 1897. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs for other sports. In 1910, ski clubs in Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public leadership of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants competed.

In February 1910, the Russian championship was held in a race at a distance of 30 miles. 14 people took part in it. The first champion was P. Bychkov. In total, before the Great October Revolution, five national championships took place in Russia.

In 1912, Moscow skiers A. Elizarov, M. Gostev, I. Zakharov and A. Nemukhin made the first crossing from Moscow to St. Petersburg. They covered a journey of 680 miles in 12 days, 6 hours and 22 minutes.

In 1913, Russian skiers took part in the international Nordic Games competitions for the first time, held in Sweden. However, they did not perform well (they did not finish the race).

Skiing competitions in pre-revolutionary Russia were held only on flat terrain. Ski equipment was then imported mainly from Finland and Sweden. The technical arsenal of the skiers was also poor: they moved only with the so-called Russian move (the prototype of the modern alternating two-step move).

The tsarist government did not show any concern for the development of sports. Under the conditions of political and economic oppression of the autocracy, the mass development of skiing was out of the question.

2. Ski competitions

Races are cross-country cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (until 1952 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4? 10 km; for women - individual races of 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most widespread and popular type of skiing competition. The first competition in speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, FIS had 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at competitions for junior schoolchildren to 50 km at national and world championships, at the Olympics and to “ultra marathons” of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the difference in elevation, that is, the difference in elevations above sea level between the start-finish place and the highest point of the route.

Ski racing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and in 1925 world championships began to be held. Initially these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program was constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part for the first time at the VI Olympic Games in Oslo. At the end of the 1990s. skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of programs - five each for men and women.

At the First Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded world championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting in 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even “non-Olympic” years), and from 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first “skiing” competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid directly along the snow-covered Neva. The first Russian championship was held in 1910, and the first USSR championship in 1924.

In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, they took part for the first time in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.

The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976) and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion (1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion ( 1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign racers, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyuranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marja - Liisa Hämäläinen - Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Björn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title “Best Skier of the 20th Century”.

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. In connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating” or “free style”), the method of covering each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the starting order in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which came into practice in Nordic combined somewhat earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classic style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are held in the free style and vice versa. According to the “Gundersen system”, on the first day skiers run in a classic style (10 km for men and 5 km for women), and on the next day in a free style (15 km for men and 10 km for women). In relay races, the first two stages are completed in the classical style, the third and fourth in the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called ultra-marathons. It began with the 90-kilometer Vasa-loppet run carried out in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this crossing at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation with the Danes

Ultramarathons are held in many countries around the world (including in Russia under the name “Ski Track of Russia” since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent competition system “WorldLoppet” (“World Ultramarathon”), created in 1978.

Nordic combined (northern combination) is a skiing sport that includes a 15 km race and a 90-meter (originally 70-meter) springboard jump. The competition is held over two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - racing). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions of double athletes are also held, which end with a relay race of 3? 10 km. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the biathlon-sprint, which is held over one competition day: literally an hour after the jump, participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap).

The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” were included in the program of their competitions. Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924, Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this event were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Wehling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian Olympic medalists are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .

Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (initially: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is assessed in terms of execution technique (using a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first earthen springboards, then wooden ones and from metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).

In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) created a technical committee for these disciplines, and at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and World Championships.

It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the most noticeable mark was left by the Norwegians Turleif Haug and Johan Grettumsbroten, who performed with great success both at racing distances and on the ski jump. They passed the winning baton to their fellow countryman, the jumper Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the World Championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykänen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one medium-power springboard (70 m) and took place on one day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s. The design capacities of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these springboards, there are so-called “flight” springboards, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jump-flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are the ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), and Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of FIS, the World Ski Flying Championships have been held and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to truly develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest successes in this type of skiing were achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gariy Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia). Alpine skiing is a descent from the mountains on skis along special tracks marked with gates, with a time recording. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the downhill tracks is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slalom tracks is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women is 50-55, for men - 60-75; The length of the giant slalom course is up to 2000 m, the number of gates is 50-75; The length of the super-G track is up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. The program of the Olympic Games has been part of the program since 1936, and the World Championships have been held since 1931.

All alpine skiing disciplines began with slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest successes in this sport have been achieved by athletes from the alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is managed by the International Ski Federation (FIS), and in 1931 an alpine skiing technical committee was created. In the same year, the first world championship took place in Mürren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill was the English alpine skier E. McKinnon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been “female discrimination”. The formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on equal terms. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were German skiers Franz Pfnür and Christel Krantz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s. Giant slalom was included in the Olympic program of alpine skiing competitions, and scoring was also introduced in triathlon, but Olympic medals were not awarded in this event. Skiers competed according to this formula for about 30 years, then the federation’s slalom committee decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - the alpine combination, consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, a fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - super-G, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into fairly clearly defined groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (downhill and super), supporters of a universal approach competed on combination tracks.

The highest results in alpine skiing competitions were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympics in Cortinade Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympics in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, Western European athletes have continued to dominate alpine skiing: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Hermann Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Toni, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland); Katja Seitzinger (Germany); Kjetil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian alpine skiers, the greatest successes were achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympics in Cortinad Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in super-G at the XVII Olympics in Lillehammer in 1994).

Freestyle (English freestyle, lit. - free, free style), a type of alpine skiing and includes three varieties:

Mogul - downhill skiing on a bumpy track with two mandatory “figured” jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains performing various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). There are over 30 countries in the Freestyle Skiing Committee (founded in 1978) at the International Ski Federation (FIS) (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986. In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in moguls, the time to complete the course is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline of performing slalom techniques. Thus, one of the strongest mogulists of the 1990s, Olympic champion Frenchman Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the alpine skiing team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly squeezed was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle skiing craze, which emerged in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s, quickly spread throughout the skiing world. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, and when their rank increased to the level of national championships and international tournaments, the need for unified rules arose. The freestyle technical committee created within the FIS has developed unified competition regulations.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique performances in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympics in Albertville (1992) one of the freestyle types, moguls, was included in the program of the Olympic events. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet still remains outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place.

Despite the lag at the Olympics in Lillehammer, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergei Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became medalists. In addition, Shupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination.

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalomist Jay Barton demonstrated a descent on a slope on a ski board (snowboard) he invented, which ski manufacturers immediately became interested in. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, and competitions began to be held, awarding the winners the titles of world champions. But it was only in 1995 that a technical committee for snowboarding was established within the International Ski Federation (FIS). The first world championship was held in 1996. The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on a regular snow slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a trench resembling a cylinder cut lengthwise. According to this analogy, the competition is called “half-pipe”. In a half-pipe, an athlete rolls down from top to bottom along a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, performing flip-flops at its edges. The judges evaluate the difficulty and technique of the jumps.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included a half-pipe and a giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

Biathlon arose from skiing and shooting competitions held over many years in our country and abroad. The first competitions in skiing with shooting were held in 1767 in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would hit a specific target with a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite its early origins, biathlon has not become widespread in other countries.

“Military Patrol Races” were also popular abroad. They were included in the program as a demonstration program at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924, with the winners and prize-winners awarded Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances by “patrol officers” took place at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions, due to the combination in one competition of several sports that differ in the nature of motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957 by the International Union of Modern Pentathlon. The first official national biathlon championship with the participation of mainly ski racers and “patrol officers” was held on the Uktus Mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of “country biathlon champion” was Vladimir Marinychev, who won the 30 km shooting distance. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon. Until now, national championships are held annually. In 1958, biathletes held the first world championship. The birthday of biathlon was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958 at the first World Championships in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national, world and Olympic championships included one event - a 20 km ski race with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6, 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots at each them. At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss, two penalty minutes were added to the race time. In 1965, by decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), shooting requirements were increased. Firstly, the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position has been increased - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the World Championships and from 1968 at the Olympic Games, the program was expanded by introducing the 4x7.5 km relay race, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In these same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two ranges from a position, lying down and standing. Moreover, in the relay race, at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by passing an additional penalty loop of 150 m. Since 1986, free style has been used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when combat weapons were replaced with a small-caliber rifle (5.6 mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50 m, the 2-minute penalty was abolished, and the size of the targets was established - 4 cm when shooting prone and 11 cm when shooting standing (by diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently, biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960, the first Olympic champion in biathlon was the Swedish athlete K. Lestander with a low race result (1:33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion determining the final result of the competition. A. Privalov’s bronze medal was the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

In the Olympic biathlon competitions, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - CIS - Russia, and the GDR - Germany performed more successfully than others.

At one time he won two gold medals in the Olympic Games: Magnar Solberg (Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolay Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Rech (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994

Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994 and Canadian Mariam Bedar - 1994.

Alexander Tikhonov has four Olympic gold medals for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best “shooting skier” on the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult event of the Winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964 (Innsbruck), in the 20 km race. Soviet biathletes held the golden traditions in the relay race for six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon received recognition in 1984 at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992, women's biathlon was included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, Anfisa Reztsova became the first Olympic champion at a distance of 7.5 km. She won gold despite three failures in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again became an Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay race in Lillehammer (Norway). At the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team was won by biathlete from Tyumen Galina Kukleva. The 7.5 km race, which she won, turned out to be one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and silver medalist, Ursula Diesl from Germany, were separated by just 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjoerndalen.

In the biathlon relay, Galina Kukleva did the hardest thing - she played about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals for Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most awards at the Nagano Olympics. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team competition.

Viktor Maygurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

The achievements of biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

There are two significantly different skiing techniques. Like swimming, skiing was once all about speed, not technique. Now it is important to swim faster, for example, crawl or butterfly. Also in skiing. Once upon a time there was only one style of skating - classic. About 30 years ago, a new style of skiing began to develop - skating. Since 1988, this style has become part of the Olympic Games.

Let's fast forward to the 1950s. Since the early 1850s, when the classic style of two-stick skating was established, the sport has grown rapidly through the performances of famous athletes, gaining popularity faster than any other sport (such as running or swimming). Skis improved more and more, and athletes began to study physiology and methods of preparing for competitions. However, the development of skating techniques gave impetus to the development of other techniques.

In the 1960s, special machines appeared that laid ski tracks. Previously, this was done by the military - the tracks for competitions were prepared by hundreds of soldiers on skis. The ski track consisted of two depressions; skiers had to keep their skis parallel, pushing off alternately with their right and left feet. However, around the same time, Finnish policeman Pauli Siitonen began experimenting with the skating technique, when an athlete holds only one ski on a ski track and pushes off with the other foot.

Of course, with this technique, the leg quickly got tired and had to be changed. This method of skating was called the “Siitonen Step” or “half-skate”. When skiers, especially those who were training for sprinting because they had strong legs, began experimenting with new techniques on machine-made tracks, they discovered that by pushing off alternately with their right and left legs, they could move 10% faster - This is how the skating style was born.

In a classic sprint, the skis must be parallel to the direction of travel, and the skier moves in “steps” similar to a normal step, but with each step there is a slight push-off and glide. The feeling is as if you were sliding on a smooth floor in socks! This technique is preferable for beginners, as it is easier to learn than the skating technique; it is more natural and requires less physical training.

The skating technique is more similar to ice skating or roller skating. To move, you must push off with the edges of your skis and then slide. In this technique, pushing off with sticks and developing muscles plays a big role.

The new skating technique was not always popular. When it first began to be used in the 1970s, supporters of the traditional technique protested, since they considered the new technique unfair, forcing skiers to move on an unprepared track. Competition organizers even prevented the use of skating techniques by installing special barriers such as beams or nets along the edges of the track. However, the style continued to grow in popularity and in 1984 the International Ski Federation (ISF) legalized the style and it was included in the 1988 Olympic Games. Now the Games included both classic and free (skiers choose their own skiing technique) styles of skiing at distances from 1.5 to 50 km.

Although both classical and skating techniques are now fully recognized as Olympic sports, both styles are still controversial. Recently a new type of competition has been developed that combines both styles. Such competitions are held over two days: on the first day, participants must cover 15 km in the classical style, and on the second, the same distance in skating. This type of competition is called “pursuit race”, here the distance between skiers on the second day of competition is determined based on the results of the first day. Some believe that the "pursuit" should be included in the Olympic Games. However, due to the busy competition schedule, it is proposed to combine both race days into one. Athletes will have to quickly change skis and boots after completing half the course - it is believed that this will add a new element to the sport. However, there are also opponents of such innovations. They believe that this could lead to confusion among spectators, and the essence of the competition will be only about who can change equipment faster, and not about the skill of the athletes. Be that as it may, the two techniques of classical and skating certainly continue to bring variety and competition to a sport that has a traditional past and a modern future.

3. Competition rules

High results of athletes are determined not only by good physical preparation, lubrication and equipment, but also by a well-prepared track. It should not have a lot of steep climbs, nor too steep descents with sharp turns, so the site for preparing the route should be chosen carefully. Nowadays, artificial snow is used at world competitions, but at lower level competitions, ski slopes are laid in winter and spring on real natural snow. A big problem at world competitions is that the athletes starting in the last numbers run on a route broken up by the athletes who started first. Because of this, they show results that do not reach the podium.

Therefore, the layer of snow on which athletes run must be as dense as possible. Competitions may be postponed due to low temperatures, heavy snow and fog. If competitions have begun, but conditions do not allow them to continue, they can be canceled or postponed with the consent of the leaders or their representatives.

The actual conduct of the competition is entrusted to the panel of judges. Its composition is determined by the “Rules”, taking into account the scale and significance of each competition. The composition of the panel of judges is as follows: The team of judges at the start includes the starter and his secretary.

Before the start of each major competition, a meeting of team representatives is held, the agenda of which includes the following issues:

1. Presentation of officials, panel of judges, jury members, technical delegate;

2. Description of the ski stadium - entrance, ski marking, start, finish, relay transfer area, exit;

3. Characteristics of the route - profile, places for intermediate timing, food points, accessibility, safety issues;

4. Checking applications, including dividing participants into groups;

5. General information from the technical delegate and competition organizer.

Conclusion

Purposeful and systematic use of various means and methods of training leads to positive changes in the body of a skier-racer, which determine the level of his preparedness. Sports readiness is characterized by a whole complex of changes that occur under the influence of various types of training of a skier-racer: technical, physical, tactical, etc. Under the influence of loads, the fitness of individual organs and systems increases, the level of development of physical and volitional qualities increases, etc.

It is customary to judge the level of preparedness of a ski racer primarily by sporting results. However, in cross-country skiing, like in no other sport, when assessing the level of achievements (results), it is necessary to take into account a number of variable factors: terrain and sliding conditions, the scale of the competition and composition of participants, etc. High results in cross-country skiing (in time terms) cannot serve as an objective criterion of preparedness. Likewise, a victory, even with a significant lead over other racers, in small-scale competitions over competitors of insufficient qualifications does not indicate a high level of preparedness. Conversely, a slight loss in time to the strongest ski racers, even with a very low place (but with a good density of results), indicates a fairly high level of preparedness. Therefore, only a comprehensive assessment gives an objective idea of the level of preparedness in cross-country skiing. Here you should take into account: the results of competitions of different scale and composition, victories over famous athletes, data from medical, pedagogical control and self-control of the skier, the level of technical training and psychological stability, etc.

List of sources used

1. Skiing textbook / T. I. Ramenskaya, A. G. Batalov./ Moscow. Flint Publishing, Science Publishing.

2. Skiing. Textbook for FC institutes and technical schools / Evstratova, Chukardin, Sergeev. / St. Petersburg 2003

3. Ski training in educational institutions / A.P. Olyunin, G.B. Chukardin, N.I. Semenov/ St. Petersburg 2003

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Similar documents

A brief history of the origin and development of skiing. Characteristics of Olympic skiing sports: cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. Study of the basic elements of skiing technique. Organization and judging of competitions.

abstract, added 01/15/2012

Introduction to the history of skiing. Consideration of the concept and types of skiing as one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation. Features of racing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing competition.

test, added 04/16/2015

Classification of skiing. From the history of the development of skiing. Nordic combined and its characteristics. Ski jumping. Methods of transitions from one ski run to another. Transitions from simultaneous to alternating moves.

abstract, added 11/30/2006

History of skiing. Types of skiing sports. Activities of the Ski Federation (FIS), history of creation and brief description. Classification, types and order of competitions. Research of violations, disqualifications, protests.

course work, added 07/21/2015

The history of skiing - the most popular winter sport. Review of its types and competitive disciplines. Features of cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding, ski jumping, Nordic combined. Program of the Winter Olympic Games.

abstract, added 12/04/2014

Extracurricular activities in physical education. Age characteristics of adolescence. Using skiing to develop strength in adolescents. Development of activities based on skiing exercises to improve physical qualities.

course work, added 02/18/2015

The history of the emergence of the Olympic Games and winter sports: biathlon, bobsleigh, Nordic combined, curling, ski jumping, luge, skeleton, snowboarding, figure skating, hockey. Development of sports in Russia, first international competitions.

course work, added 01/05/2014

Features of the impact of stress on the body. Health-improving orientation of skiing. Normalization of training loads. Hygienic requirements and basic principles of nutrition. Basic operating conditions for a sports facility.

abstract, added 10/19/2012

Features of the impact of stress on the body. Health-improving orientation of skiing. Main diseases of skiers. Normalization of training loads. Athletes' daily routine. Hygienic requirements and basic principles of nutrition.

course work, added 10/22/2012

Studying the history of the development of skiing. The evolution of ski materials and technologies. Sliding process and lubrication. Features of alpine and cross-country skiing. Advantages and disadvantages of plastic skis with a smooth last. Ski bindings. Selection of ski poles.

Introduction

Winter sports, what are they? First of all, these are outdoor activities. There are a lot of winter sports - ice hockey, figure skating, bobsleigh, I won’t list them all. But what I like most is skiing. Cross-country skiing includes cross-country skiing of various distances, ski jumping, biathlon, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. I would like to talk about them. Since childhood I love sports. Recently, while reading a book about sports, I learned new terms such as: freestyle, snowboarding, curling. And I wanted to know more about them. Having started collecting material, I came up with a work, the one that turned out and which I now present to you. So, I'll start in order. New, young, modern sports: biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding, originate from ancient skiing. These sports are very relevant nowadays. Many people are interested in them, myself included. There is a lot of literature about these species. My main goals are to show that these winter sports and sports in general are interesting, relevant, popular, and healthy. Curling, freestyle, snowboarding are young, little-known, new sports.
^ 1. The history of skiing But first, I will talk about the ancestors of winter sports, that is, skiing. Skis are a very ancient invention. There is an assumption that they appeared 20-30 thousand years ago Skis, units. ski - flat wooden (or plastic) runners for walking and running on snow. Ski.
Various devices that increased the area of support when moving through deep snow were used by ancient peoples in everyday life and in hunting. The first such devices, obviously, were the skins of killed animals, with which ancient hunters wrapped their legs, protecting them from the cold. This was the impetus for the use of other objects (bark fragments, chips, and later planks) to increase the support area. In the process of evolution, the shape of the skis was gradually improved. After stepping skis, sliding skis appeared. But there was a period when sliding skis of different lengths were used - one narrow and long for sliding, and the other, shorter and wider, for pushing off. When traveling over rough terrain, hunting and in the forest, it is inconvenient to use skis of different lengths. Apparently, this is why skis appeared that were shorter and wider, but the same in length. At first there was only one stick, and the other hand was free - for a bow or other weapon. Skis were used in hunting, war, and running on them could not help but become one of the types of sports competitions. Russian pre-revolutionary historians repeatedly mentioned in their works that, in addition to hunting, skis in Rus' were often used during holidays and winter folk entertainment, where strength, agility, and endurance were demonstrated in “race” running and in descents from the slopes. Swedish diplomat Palm, who visited the 17th century. in Rus', testified to the widespread use of skiing in the Moscow state. He described in detail the skis used by the locals and the ability of the Russians to move quickly on them.

2. A short tour of the types of skiing

The first type of skiing was cross-country skiing. Cross-country skiing is a cross-country skiing competition on a specially prepared track. Cross-country skiing is the most widespread and popular type of skiing competition. The first competition in speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for cross-country skiing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. Our country joined it in 1948.
Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. In connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating” or “free style”), the method of covering each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, the program now includes “pursuit races”, the starting order of which is determined based on the results of the competitions held the day before. In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, they took part for the first time in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.
The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards.
Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first earthen springboards, then wooden ones and from metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).

Biathlon arose as a result of cross-country skiing and shooting competitions held over many years in our country and abroad. The first skiing and shooting competitions were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would hit a specific target with a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite its early origins, biathlon has not become widespread in other countries.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20s and 30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in Red Army units. The athletes covered a distance of 50 km in full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, militarized ski racing with weapons changed, becoming more and more close to sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line. The spectacle of paramilitary competitions due to the combination of several sports in one competition, differing in the nature of motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon. The first official national biathlon championship with the participation of mainly cross-country skiers was held on the Uktus Mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957.

Until now, national championships are held annually.
In 1958 biathletes held the first world championship. The birthday of biathlon was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958. at the first World Championships in Austria.

The achievements of biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

^ Nordic combined (northern combination) is a type of skiing that includes a 15 km race and a 90-meter springboard jump. The competition is held over two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - racing). Only men participate. Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg).

^ ALPINE SPORTS. Competitions in mountain sports originated in the Alps, which is why in many countries ski sports are called alpine. The first flags on the mountain route appeared in 1905. But at first there were not so many hunters to engage in slalom, and only in the 30s, with the advent of special lifts for athletes, the ranks of skiers began to expand... Alpine skiing is a type of skiing consisting of descent from the mountains along special routes marked with gates, with time recording. Includes 5 sports disciplines: slalom, giant slalom, super giant slalom, downhill, alpine combined. Alpine skiing has been part of the International Ski Federation (FIS) since 1924. Alpine skiing was included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games in 1936. World championships have been held since 1931. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1936,

In recent decades, Western European athletes have continued to dominate alpine skiing.

And now that we have learned about earlier types of skiing, we can talk about the younger ones.

Freestyle (English: free style, lit. - free, freestyle), a type of alpine skiing; includes three varieties: 1) mogul - downhill skiing on a bumpy track with two mandatory “figured” jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains performing various dance figures. In ski ballet, the athlete descends along a gentle slope to musical accompaniment, demonstrating elements of sliding, steps, rotations, and jumps; 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). In aerial (ski) acrobatics, athletes perform a series of jumps and somersaults of varying difficulty from a specially profiled springboard. The landing area should be covered with loose snow. The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986.

In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in moguls, the time to complete the course is additionally recorded).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergei Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became medalists at the Lillehammer Olympics. In addition, Shupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. World champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalya Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

1991 Russian athletes burst into the vanguard of world freestyle. V. Semenchuk and S. Shchupletsov are world champions, E. Kozhevnikova is the winner of three stages of the World Cup.

Snowboarding (English: snowboarding, from snowboard - ski board), a type of skiing - descending a snowy slope on a wide edged ski (foot bindings are installed across the line of movement).

Hawaii is rightly considered the birthplace of extreme entertainment. It was there that the board appeared - the ancestor of all modern sports boards.

Well, to be precise, the real history of snowboarding goes back three decades. The prototype of a modern snowboard appeared in 1965: a loving father, Sherman Poppen, noticed his daughter trying to slide down the mountain while standing on a sled. And then he, a gas equipment design engineer and surfer, went to the garage, found children's alpine skis, linked them together, put a rubber mat on them and attached a rope to the front for control. He didn’t think at all about the great future of his invention when he decided to please his kids with a new fun for Christmas. This is how the idea was realized for the first time - to give a person the opportunity to slide sideways on the snow, as surfers do on the waves and skateboarders on the asphalt.

The toy was a success with local children. Looking at the children's games, Sherman Poppen thought about the parents.

It was Poppen who subsequently organized the first mass production of snurfs (from the words “snow” and “surf”).

Controlling the projectile remained very problematic, but the number of fans of the new entertainment was growing.

By the 1980s, snowboarding had already become the American national sport. Several magazines covering surfing and skating began publishing articles about snowboarding and equipment for it. In 1986, there was a new surge in the popularity of snowboarding. In 1994, snowboarding was officially included in the FIS competition program.

The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on a regular snow slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a trench resembling a cylinder cut lengthwise. According to this analogy, the competition is called “half-pipe”. In a half-pipe, an athlete rolls down from top to bottom along a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, performing flip-flops at its edges. The judges evaluate the difficulty and technique of the jumps.

At the Nagano Olympics in February 1998, snowboarding made its debut as an Olympic sport. The program included giant slalom and halfpipe.

Splitboarding is a relatively new winter activity, but it has already gained popularity among passionate skiers and snowboarders. This style offers the best in snowboarding and skiing: you can ski or snowboard with the same equipment.

The dual use of a splitboard allows the athlete to climb the mountain as a skier and descend as a snowboarder. And who will guarantee that this young form of recreation will not become an Olympic sport?

Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

Athletics is rightly called the “queen of sports,” and the rapidly developing skiing among the Winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested “king of sports.”

^ 2.Skiing in Saratov

I would like to start the story about skiing in Saratov, in my opinion, with quite interesting excerpts from Alexey Ivanov’s article “Or maybe curling?” True, he analyzes all winter sports in Saratov, but I chose only skiing. The article was written in 2006, and I think that little has changed.

“The development of winter sports in the region is hampered by the climate and the lack of wealthy patrons

The Olympic program includes competitions in 7 types of skiing. Let's try to think about what types of sports our region, in a good situation, could count on training athletes at least at the Russian level.

Let's go from the opposite. First of all, let’s cross off from the list those species that we would be guilty of even looking at. We dismiss ski jumping and Nordic combined right away. Here we need at least a 90-meter jump, and the very idea that somewhere above Bald Mountain a similar structure will rise, and the sky will darken from the number of flying skiers, seems crazy.

However, here it is time for Russia to adopt the sports doctrine of China: whatever the sport may be, if it has received Olympic status, it must be developed, even if it is as absurd as sawing logs for speed.

Mountain sports (alpine skiing, snowboarding, freestyle): very unlikely. The Roshcha ski resort, on 1st Dachnaya, is not empty, as are the bases in Volsk and Khvalynsk. But still, our hills are no match for the Urals or the Caucasus, not to mention the Alps and Carpathians, and from a sporting point of view, we still have nothing to catch in this sport. Now, if the daring project of an elite ski center in Novi Burasy, which was in the best minds of the region six years ago, had not remained a political curiosity, everything could have been different.

So, as a result of the most severe selection, we are left with two winter Olympic sports: cross-country skiing and biathlon. We can safely say that these two events form the basis of the Olympics. These are the most popular winter sports among fans. Ski racing, for all its popularity in the region recently, requires consistently thick snow cover for four to five months, which no one can promise in Saratov. The same applies to biathlon - the most spectacular individual sport invented by mankind.

Opinion of the Minister for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Saratov Region: “We don’t have winter Olympic athletes, that’s true. And we can’t help but notice the poor development of most winter sports in our region. Now the main task for us is to make the most popular types, such as skiing, alpine skiing, are generally available.” We began to hold annual competitions - “Russian Ski Track.” “And we see the results of this work now: the ski resorts are bursting with visitors,

And, of course, we hope that someday quantity will turn into quality, perhaps we will have athletes of the caliber of the national team. But one cannot ignore the fact that Saratov is still a southern city by the scale of the country; is it really possible to talk here about the full training of professional athletes. So, I don’t think anything bad is happening. Everything is in order."

It has long been known that the rapid development of a particular sport is most often associated with the appearance of a high patron. Work in the direction of searching for such becomes perhaps the main task of the activities of surviving federations.”

Only people with power and big money “can help Saratov overcome this peculiar “southern city complex.” And what they will develop - figure skating, alpine skiing or curling - is the tenth question. Sport is sport."

And yet, despite this far from optimistic article, our Saratov residents must be given their due. Skiing is truly a favorite activity from the youngest to the elderly. People use every opportunity to run or ski. Little skiers can be found both in parks and in landings. On weekends and holidays, the transport is crowded with skiers heading out to ski in the forest. We also keep up with amateur skiers; in winter, we have ski lessons in the park. The teachers try to take us out in any weather. Which we are incredibly happy about.

The competition “Ski Track of Russia” has become very popular here in Saratov. “February 10, 2008 in the village. Bazarny Karabulak hosted the final cross-country skiing competition for the prizes of the Governor of the region as part of the XXVI All-Russian mass ski race "Ski Track of Russia - 2008". The participants and guests of the competition were welcomed by the Governor of the Saratov Region, Pavel Ipatov.

The All-Russian ski race "Ski Track of Russia" is the largest winter sporting event in all of Russia in terms of the number of participants and geographical coverage. On February 10, 2008, over 800 thousand people took to the starting line in 142 cities of our country.

The Saratov region is one of the regions in which the mass competitions “Russian Ski Track” are especially popular. In 2008, about 9 thousand people took part in the final competitions in the Saratov region - professionals and amateurs aged from 7 to 70 years. For each category of skiers, appropriate distances were selected.”

In Saratov, on Kumysnaya Polyana (UTC "Beryozka"), on January 10, the cultural and sports festival "Saratov Ski Track" took place, held as part of the All-Russian mass ski race "Ski Track of Russia - 2008", a REGNUM-VolgaInform correspondent was told in the administration of Saratov. 4 thousand 300 Saratov residents took part in the event.

Our gymnasium also took part in these competitions, and the most interesting thing was that not only students took part, but also our teachers Margarita Yuryevna Epishkina and Tatyana Gennadievna Bogoslovskaya.

As far as I know, everyone really enjoyed this trip.

The most popular types of skiing and those that have become the most popular among Russian youth are alpine skiing, snowboarding, and freestyle. They are also very popular among young Saratov residents, but they do not engage in these activities professionally due to the lack of a good base.

They have the opportunity to visit the Roshcha ski resort, which is located on 1st Dachnaya and ski resorts in the cities of Volsk and Khvalynsk. But the desire to learn how to skate professionally is enviable. Fans of these sports have their own website “Extreme in Saratov”, where you can find all the reference material on snowboarding, starting with the construction of a springboard (which includes the stages of construction) and advice for those who want to get on a snowboard for the first time (how to handle the board on slope, how to buckle up, sliding on one leg, standing and much more), and ending with professional advice.

Unfortunately, there is no freestyle skiing in Saratov, not only professional, but even amateur. The same cannot be said about freestyle roller skating. It is very thriving here. The Saratov athlete won bronze in the Chechen Republic in freestyle roller skating.

^ 3. Why you should engage in skiing.

Regular ski training contributes to all-round development. When skiing on the plain and when overcoming descents and ascents, all the main muscle groups of the limbs and torso are involved in the work. Skiing has an exceptionally beneficial effect on the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems, and increases mental activity. When moving on skis, all physical qualities develop; skiing has a particularly positive effect on the development of endurance, strength, and agility.

Long continuous movement on skis in conditions of clean air and low temperatures significantly contributes to the hardening of the body, increases its resistance to any external influences and to various diseases. Compared to other types of physical exercise, the health value of ski training is exceptionally great.

Ski training is of great importance for developing such qualities as the ability to overcome any difficulties, discipline, perseverance, courage, and a sense of teamwork.

4. Conclusion

More than 20 thousand residents of the region are involved in sections and groups of winter sports. These are students of sports schools in the region, students of higher educational institutions, athletes studying at the School of Higher Sports Excellence and the Olympic Reserve School.
The most widely developed sports are: biathlon, alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and snowboarding.

In the entire history of the Winter Olympics, our athletes have never participated in them. But the likelihood of bright winter sports athletes appearing will increase significantly if, as planned, two indoor hockey stadiums are built in the Leninsky and Zavodsky districts of Saratov and an indoor skating rink in Balakovo. Only then can we expect that someday, provided that children’s sports schools work well, future winners of the “white” Olympics will grow up. Unfortunately, we do not have a base for professional training in other sports (alpine skiing, cross-country skiing).

The Norwegians were the first to show interest in skiing as a sport. In 1733 Hans Emahusen published the first manual on ski training for troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 The first competitions were held in all types of skiing (according to modern concepts): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim in 1862-1863. In 1877 The first ski sports society was organized in Norway, and a sports club was soon opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries in Europe, Asia and America.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lahtin Games (since 1922), Sweden - the mass ski race "Vasa-loppet" (since 1922).

At the end of the 19th century. Skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization varied from country to country. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and combined events have gained great development. In Sweden - cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia there are races on flat terrain. In the United States, the development of skiing was facilitated by Scandinavian settlers. In Japan, skiing received an alpine skiing direction under the influence of Austrian coaches.

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current Young Pioneers Stadium, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skis, the Moscow Ski Club, took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in 1901, and in 1910 the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with the Moscow one, the Polar Star ski club was created in St. Petersburg in 1897. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs for other sports. In 1910, ski clubs in Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public leadership of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season of 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants competed.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first individual national championship in the 30 km ski race. The title of the first skier in Russia was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first national championship among women was played in 1921; Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin first participated in international competitions in 1913. in Sweden at the Nordic Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. Our performance was unsuccessful, but we learned many useful lessons on skiing techniques, ski lubrication, and equipment design.

Before the start of the First World War, 5 Russian championships were held.

In 1918, skiing was included among the academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories at the national championships 1910-1954. The highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion. Among the men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title “Honored Master of Sports”.

In total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the national championship program has included an ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km. For women, since 1972 the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994 - 50 km.

The record length 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.

The record of the first ski century for the number of victories at the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. The sporting achievements of Galina Kulakova were rewarded by the International Olympic Committee with the Olympic Silver Order. According to the proposal of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite skiers. A participant in five Olympics and eight world championships, Raisa Smetanina set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympics she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.

Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.

Olympic skiing sports are included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.

Non-Olympic events include those ski exercises that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skating, Nordic combined sprint, ski flying, speed skiing, parallel slalom. Official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held in these sports.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration exercises: towing a skier, ski flying on hang gliders, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; Ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver.

Norwegian skier Tarleef Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of “King of Skis”. In the 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian was able to repeat or even surpass the record of the world’s first “King of Skis.” For his victories on the track, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of his extraordinary sporting achievements, the stern and taciturn Norwegians, for the first time in the world, erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic movement 60-70. knows only 2 cases when athletes received such an honor. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics, Haug, and the hero of the Summer Olympics, Finn Paavo Nurmi.

The birth of the Russian “King of Skis” took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver “Royal Cup” and awarded the title “King of Skis.”

Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay race and women at a distance of 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, and also Lyubov Kozyreva is the first Olympic champion among our skiers.

Over the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams in the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) have demonstrated enviable leadership stability at the highest level.

Russian skiers achieved phenomenal success, unprecedented in Olympic history, at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, winning all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay, as well as silver and bronze medals were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. Winner of three gold medals at the 1998 Games, L. Lazutina was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star “Hero of Russia”. In 1994, the same award was awarded to six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Egorova.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova at a 15 km distance.

“No victory has ever been as hard for me as this one,” says the most decorated Olympian among men’s racers, Norwegian Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50km race in Nagano.

Miki Myllyla, the great skiing nation of Finland, waited 34 long years for this victory in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to climb to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyuranta, Juha Mieto, Marje Matikainen, Marje Lyukkarinen and others.

In 1998, in Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, straight from the summer heat, you find yourself in the kingdom of cold. Speed, music, the incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. The feeling is indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer training camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with the training on artificial “underground” snow.

The ski stunts are even more impressive. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made by Austrian Erik Felbermeier from a height of 3000 m. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with precise timing.

Over time, several athletes who organize the first competitions begin to master the tricks of single craftsmen, some of them, from the beginning of tricks, reach the Olympic rating. That's how it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing includes 39 skiing disciplines at the Olympic Games in Nagano, 26 competitive skiing exercises awaiting Olympic registration, as well as more than 20 exercises being approved as a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the “queen of sports,” and the rapidly developing skiing among the Winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested “king of sports.”

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Siberian State Technological University"

Lesosibirsk branch

Department of GSPD

Test

The origin and development of skiing

Supervisor:

R.S. Chistov

Developed by:

Student of group 72-1

A.L. Efremova

Lesosibirsk - 2015

skiing biathlon springboard

Introduction

The origin and history of skiing

Characteristics of types of skiing

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation. The most popular, due to its accessibility and the nature of its impact on the body, is cross-country skiing at various distances. Practicing this sport is an important means of physical education and occupies one of the first places in terms of the nature of motor actions.

In most areas of our country, where the winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular types of physical education. Physical activity during skiing is very easily dosed both in volume and intensity. This allows us to recommend skiing as a means of physical education for people of any age, gender, health status and level of physical fitness.

Performing moderate muscular work with the involvement of all major muscle groups in the movement in conditions of low temperatures, in clean frosty air, significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases and has a positive effect on overall performance. Walking and skiing in beautiful wooded areas with varied terrain have a positive effect on the nervous system, mental and physical performance.

1. Origin and history of skiing

Skiing originated in the Scandinavian countries in the Middle Ages. Records dating back to 1700 tell of races on skis after making a bet. These were probably the first competitions.

Officially, the history of skiing began in the Norwegian military department. Skiing was encouraged among recruits of ski formations. In 1733, Hans Emahusen published the first manual for troops on ski training, with a sports focus. The first rules for skiing competitions also appeared, which were held in 1767 in different types that correspond to today's slalom, biathlon, racing and downhill. The best athletes were awarded. To promote skiing among the country's civilians, a sports and military review was held in Oslo in 1814.

The rich history of skiing, which began in Norway, has rapidly developed in all major world countries. After the first Norwegian ski sports society was organized in 1877, within 20 years similar sports clubs arose all over the world. Finland was the first to adopt the experience, in 1883 - Hungary, in 1891 - Austria and Switzerland, in 1803 - Germany and Italy, in 1895 - Sweden and Russia, in 1900 - the USA and Bulgaria, in 1902 - England, in 1912 - Japan.

Arctic explorers made a huge contribution to skiing: Adolf Nordenskiöld in 1883-1884, Fridtjof Nansen during his ski crossing of Greenland in 1889, Roald Amundsen in 1910-1911, in an expedition to the South Pole, the participants of which more than 2800 km on skis. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. competitions began to be held regularly in all major countries of the world. However, the direction of development of species in different countries was different. Jumping, cross-country racing and combined events developed in Norway. In Finland, cross-country skiing has developed. Mountain species are popular in alpine countries. In the USA, the specialization of sports development was influenced by Scandinavian settlers. Alpine skiing, under the influence of trainers from Austria, received skiing in Japan.

The history of skiing received a new impetus after the international ski congress with the participation of 10 countries in 1910 in Oslo. The International Ski Commission created here, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation (FIS), began to actively organize world skiing competitions, including all types. The first Winter Olympic Games took place in 1924, the World Championships in 1926, and the Universiade in 1928.

Development of skiing in Russia

In the second half of the last century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. Ski sports clubs first appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1894, 13 athletes of the Moscow Cycling Club and 7 ski enthusiasts organized a circle of skiers, which was headed by an elected committee of 3 people. Over the course of 6 months, the circle did a lot of work: developed the charter of the Moscow Ski Club (MSC); held the first official cross-country skiing competition in Russia, 1895, for the title of the best skier in the circle; prepared the constituent assembly to elect the leadership of the MKL.

On March 1895, the Russian Minister of Internal Affairs gave permission to open the club, and the Governor General of Moscow approved its charter. Organizational and economic work was carried out all summer, and on August 25, 1895, a constituent meeting was held, at which a governing body was elected - a club committee of 11 people chaired by I.P. Roslyakov, who was the initiator of the creation of the skiers’ circle and its leader.

In December 1895, the grand opening of the club and its ski station took place. The opening day of the club, in 1895, is considered the birthday of skiing in our country.

In addition to the MKL, the Society of Ski Fans (OLLS) was created in Moscow in 1901; in 1910 - the Sokolniki Ski Club (SKL) and the Moscow Society of Alpine Skiing and Water Sports (MOGL and VS). In addition to these organizations, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 other clubs of other sports.

In St. Petersburg, the Polar Star ski club was founded in 1897, and in 1909 the ski club of the Polytechnic Institute was founded. In addition, in winter, skiing was practiced in 8 other clubs of other sports.

Until 1910, the MKL was the leading skiing organization not only in Moscow, but also in Russia. The MKL carried out a lot of propaganda work among children and young people, providing them with certain benefits.

Large clubs did not take into account the interests of smaller ones, many controversial issues arose, there was no unified calendar plan, competition rules, and general organizational and methodological issues were not resolved on equal terms. There began to be an urgent need to create some kind of unifying organization that could coordinate and direct the work of skiing in Moscow on the principles of equality of all clubs, regardless of their size and established authority. After 1909, skiing in Russia intensified significantly, competitions began to be held in many cities of the country, and the need to hold international competitions was brewing.

The ILL did not have the legal rights, organizational strength or material ability to actively spread its activities throughout the country. It was decided to create an All-Russian organization. MLL developed a draft charter for the All-Russian Ski Union. On January 2, 1911, she convened a constituent meeting of representatives of all Russian sports organizations cultivating skiing. At this meeting, the charter of the union was adopted and a steering committee was elected, but the approval of this organization by government bodies took place only in 1912.

The All-Russian Ski Union (VSL) is the first organization for the public leadership of skiing in Russia. The tsarist government did not provide any material assistance to the union, and did not even provide premises. The union had insignificant funds (membership fees for clubs belonging to the union were 10 rubles per year). This led to the fact that the union was the body that only approved the documents of the events carried out by the MKL.

International meetings began to be held in 1913. This year, Moscow skiers participated in the Nordic Games in Sweden. Although our two skiers P. Bychkov and A. Nemukhin performed unsuccessfully (did not finish the race), participation in the competition was useful. Our skiers became familiar with simultaneous moves that they had not used before. A significant event in the history of skiing in Russia were large ski crossings. This form of sporting events originated in our country and played a big role in the spread of skiing. 11 linear and 2 stellar transitions were carried out at distances from 200 to 2000 km.

The material base for skiing was insignificant. Throughout Russia there were about 30 club ski stations, which were rented houses from private owners on the outskirts of cities and served as a place of work for club boards, a locker room for athletes and a place for storing skis.

The teaching and coaching staff were not specially trained; classes in the clubs were conducted by the most capable athletes. Methodological manuals began to be published from the very beginning of the organization of clubs. The largest clubs published their own yearbooks. The strongest skiers were photographed and their portraits were placed in a “silver album”; their names were entered on the club’s “golden board”.

3. Characteristics of types of skiing

Skiing includes cross-country skiing, biathlon, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and alpine skiing.

)Ski race.

Cross-country skiing involves moving at speed across terrain over certain distances in various ways (moves, ascents, descents, turns). Cross-country skiing is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games and the World Ski Championships.

Ski racing as a sport for a long time did not have an established name. For more than thirty years, not only in the sports press, but also in official documents, they were called differently: “flat skiing competitions,” “alpine skiing competitions,” “skiing competitions,” “walking or cross-country skiing competitions,” "Skiing competition"

Technique in cross-country skiing consists of a variety of modes of movement. The choice of a method of movement and its use in specific terrain and route conditions are determined by the tactical task. To master technical skill, you need to know the basics of technology, master the methods of movement and the ability to apply them in competitions.

Under the same friction conditions, the skier's movement technique changes depending on his speed. Naturally, the speed increases due to stronger push-offs with skis and poles. The variability of the technique also depends on the physique of the athletes, their functional capabilities associated with the physique, and on the preparedness of the skiers.

)Biathlon

Biathlon arose as a result of the widespread use of skiing and shooting competitions. In 1957, the International Union of Modern Pentathlon approved the status of biathlon on the international stage as an independent type of skiing. Individual and team world championships began to be played annually.

A biathlete must master all types of movement on skis to the same extent as racing skiers.

The modern technique of skiing with weapons is characterized by a clear single-support glide and an energetic swing of the leg forward to the extreme position. In alternating moves, the execution of the basic elements of a sliding step is actively influenced by alternating hand movements.

When moving with a weapon, no significant changes are observed in the performance of these movements. However, it should be noted that biathletes start the push at a sharper angle (60-70°), since rifle straps make it difficult to move their arms forward and up, and the athlete raises his arm up somewhat less than when moving without a weapon.

Shooting is an important component of biathlon, and its significance in the final result of the competition is very noticeable. In biathlon, shooting is carried out after performing a large volume and intensity load, against the background of significant fatigue. All these factors to some extent leave their mark on the performance of shooting exercises, however, the general principles of the technique of producing a well-aimed shot remain the same for both sports shooting and biathlon. Accuracy of shooting depends on the correct execution of its elements: positioning, aiming, holding your breath and releasing the trigger.

)Ski jumping

Jumps are carried out on special structures - springboards, which have different calculated jump distances (power), from several to 100 or more meters. The sports result in jumping is determined by the distance of the jump (in meters) and the technique of its execution (in points); meters are converted into points according to a special table, points for technique are added to them, and the winner is determined by the highest amount of points.

The birthplace of jumping is the mountainous province of Telemark in Norway. In Russia, ski jumping was developed in the St. Petersburg ski club "Polar Star".

Considering the jump technique, it should be noted that even the strongest jumpers perform individual elements of the jump technique purely individually, trying to find an advantageous position for maximum use of aerodynamic forces to achieve the greatest length of the jump.

)Nordic combined

Nordic combined is a competition in ski jumping with a power of 90 m and in cross-country skiing over a distance of up to 15 km. The sum of the indicators obtained for each type of competition gives the result for the double event. Consequently, the entire theory, methodology and practice of racing and jumping is entirely transferred to the training system for a combined athlete, but the training process is structured in such a way that a rational combination of these two types is ensured.

Biathlon as a separate sport was formed on the basis of already established two sports - racing and jumping. It originated in Norway.

Training in biathlon is a complex process of comprehensive improvement of motor qualities and skills that are different in nature and orientation. If in the racing section of training the main task is to develop a high level of special endurance, then in the jumping section training sessions are aimed at improving coordination actions taking place in extreme conditions.

Nordic combined combines two different sports, the effects of which on the body are different. Therefore, in biathlon, athletes are subject to particularly severe demands during year-round training.

)Skiing

Alpine skiing includes three types of skiing: slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Each of them is a descent at speed along a distance marked on the mountain slopes with the obligatory overcoming of artificial obstacles in the form of gates marked with flags. In addition to these three separate types of alpine skiing, competitions are held in alpine combined (slalom and downhill, slalom and giant slalom), triathlon, as well as speed downhill, where the maximum speed is recorded using electronic devices during the passage of a measured segment located in the bottom of the distance.

Conclusion

So, the main types of skiing, the process of their development, the rules of competitions and the highest achievements in each of them were outlined above, on the basis of which the following conclusions can be drawn.

Skiing includes several independent sports: cross-country skiing, biathlon, ski jumping, biathlon, alpine skiing. For these sports there are rules for conducting competitions and provision is made for the assignment of categories and titles in accordance with the requirements of the Unified Sports Classification. This stimulates systematic training and the growth of skiers’ sporting achievements. The named types of skiing are included in the programs of World Championships and Cups, and the Winter Olympic Games.

Skiing is a means of physical education for people of any age, health status and level of physical fitness.

Skiing in clean, frosty air significantly increases the body's resistance to a wide variety of diseases, has a positive effect on mental and physical performance, and has a positive effect on the nervous system.

During skiing lessons, the most important moral and volitional qualities, discipline and hard work, the ability to endure any difficulties, and physical endurance are successfully developed.

Bibliography

1.Zherebtsov A.V. Physical education and sports. Textbook [Text] / A.V. Zherebtsov. - M.: Agar, 2005. - 203 p.

.Olyunin A.P. Ski training in educational institutions [Text] / A.P. Olyunin, G.B. Chukardin, N.I. Semenov. - St. Petersburg: Flint, 2003. - 44 p.

.Butin I.M. Skiing. Tutorial. [Text] / I.M. Butin. - M.: Academy, 2004. - 57 p.

.Matveeva E.M. Skiing: a textbook for secondary physical education institutions [Text] / E.M. Matveeva. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 2005. - 122 p.

Tutoring

Need help studying a topic?

Our specialists will advise or provide tutoring services on topics that interest you.
Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Skis are a thing that was born back in the Stone Age. It’s hard to believe, but cave paintings of primitive tribes tell us that people of the past used this device to get from one point to another faster and to hunt more efficiently. However, this, one might say, archaic type of transport acquired a completely different meaning at the end of the 19th century - it became a property of leisure. The history of skiing dates back to this period, and we will now study it in detail.

Prerequisites for the origin of skiing

Some semblance of modern skis and snowboards appeared among all the ancient peoples known to history who lived in harsh weather conditions - that is, in snowy areas of the planet. This includes our ancestors - the inhabitants of the modern territory of Russia, the aborigines of North America and the mountaineers.

In 960, skiing was first discussed in Norway as an additional training accessory for court dignitaries. By the way, the history of the development of skiing originates in this country, because several centuries later the Norwegians turned the once auxiliary activity into entertainment.

But this is one of the theories that is considered the most likely, unless you take into account the fact that similar references to skis, or rather snowshoes, date back to Russian sources of the 12th century. Our ancestors, like the Norwegians, used this device to speed up movement in snowy areas.

Of course, people couldn't help but notice that you can have fun with snowshoes. This is how the history of skiing began to emerge in all regions of the world with a harsh climate.

Skiing and war

The history of skiing itself is not so long - it begins in the middle of the 19th century. But the skis themselves, as we have already established, appeared quite a long time ago. For a long time, they were used only by wild northern peoples in order to be able to quickly cover long distances. And in the 17th and 18th centuries, many states began to use this device in military affairs. For the first time in 1733, the Norwegian military leader Hans Emakhusen published instructions on ski combat training for troops. Soldiers, before entering the battlefield, competed among themselves in competitions such as biathlon, racing, downhill and slalom (the terminology is modern; at that time these terms did not exist).

We can say that the history of the development of skiing originates from this moment. It would also be worth noting that the world's first exhibition of ski equipment was subsequently organized. It took place in the city of Trondheim in 1862-63.

A few words about the founder

The Norwegians again had snowshoes similar to ours. The history of skiing in its modern sense begins in this country. And the founder of this entertainment turned out to be a certain man named Sondre Norheim (pictured below). It was he who installed fasteners on snowshoes that had existed for a long time, which securely fixed the leg and allowed them to move more maneuverably. Skiers of that time realized that with the help of this device they could not only carefully move in a straight line, but also turn around, make steep runs and go around any obstacles. Gradually, all this grew into entertainment and sports, which began to be practiced everywhere.

Sondre called his development, namely a sport that has become incredibly popular, slalom, which translated into Russian means “hard track.”

Popularization of ski culture

During the second half of the 19th century, people were already entering a new era - the information era. The media in the form of newspapers instantly spread any news around the world, and the notorious skiing was no exception. The history of its foundation and development, news about military exhibitions and competitions - all this captivated huge masses of people, and “ski fever” began.

Separately, we note that this winter sport became so popular that in order to participate in cross-country skiing, athletes of other categories and disciplines that already existed at that time tried to retrain as soon as possible. People, the most ordinary ones, who lived in warm regions of the world, went to snow zones to conquer the white peaks of the mountains.

How skiing was popularized in every corner of the planet

It is necessary to consider the history of the development of skiing in the world not as a whole, but separately for each country. It is clear that only those powers that can boast of having snow-capped mountain ranges fall within our radius. So what are they?

Norway. In 1877, the first ski community was organized here. By 1883, in this country, in addition to scheduled competitions, an annual holiday was held - the Holmenkollen Games, which was dedicated, as you might guess, to skiing. The history also briefly describes the types of competitions that took place in Norway - biathlon, cross-country racing and jumping.
Finland. As in the neighboring country, annual festivals were held here, one of which was the Lakhtin Games. Finns also loved to compete and preferred racing on flat terrain.
Sweden. In short, the history of skiing in this country is almost identical to that of Norway. A massive festival called “Vasaloppet” was also organized here, and during the competition the Swedes overcame obstacles on rough terrain.
USA. Since we are considering the history of skiing in the world, and not just in Europe, it is worth mentioning America. Skiing was not so popular here, but residents of the mountain states appreciated this find. Americans learned about this sport, of course, from Scandinavian immigrants. Since representatives of various European powers came to the States, skiing here absorbed a little of everything.
Japan. Austrian coaches went to the Land of the Rising Sun. They taught local residents skiing and its features. It is for this reason that there are so many skiers in Japan even today.

Congress in Oslo

Officially, the history of skiing in the world was enshrined on paper after the 1910 congress in Oslo. The meeting was attended by representatives of 10 countries who made their individual contribution to the development of this winter sport. It is important to emphasize that during the congress the International Ski Commission was founded. She was involved in organizing competitions and setting standards for competitions. Subsequently, this organization turned into the International Ski Federation, and that is what it is called from 1924 to the present day.

In our country

Special attention should be paid to the history of the development of skiing in Russia. In many ways, it coincided with the history of our northern neighbors - the Scandinavians, but there is also something unique in it. So, the official history of skiing in Russia began on December 29, 1895. In Moscow, on this day, the Moscow Ski Club was inaugurated - the first organization that at the official level dealt with all issues related to winter sports. At the same time, in 1897, “Polar Star” opened in St. Petersburg - a similar organization, which all ski lovers in the Northern capital joined.

Then, over the course of several years, similar clubs were organized in the main cities of the then Empire, which existed autonomously. But in 1910 they all united into the Moscow Ski League. Under the leadership of the league, a record number of competitions were held in Russia during the winter - 18, in which a total of 100 people took part.

This is interesting to know! On February 7, 1910, a 30 km ski race was held, in which athletes from Moscow and St. Petersburg took part. Pavel Bychkov, the first cross-country skiing winner in Russia, won gold. The history of the development of skiing among women in our country continued in 1921, and Natalya Kuznetsova won the main prize.

20th century and skiing

In 1918, skiing was included in the compulsory program at sports universities throughout our country. Russian athletes who win domestic Olympics go to compete in other countries, where they also win gold. Our athlete Zoya Bolotova became an 18-time champion of the USSR in various ski disciplines (1938-1952). Among the men, the strongest was Dmitry Vasiliev, who received the title of “Honored Master of Sports” and won 16 victories at national championships throughout his life.

One cannot ignore the unique skier of our time - Raisa Smetanina. She became the leader of the world elite skiers, moreover, at the Olympics in Albertville (1992) she won gold at the age of 40.

Different types of skiing and their evolution

Nowadays this winter sport is conventionally divided into three groups. They were formed depending on the location in which skiing originated and the period in history in which it happened. This is how Nordic (or Norwegian), Alpine (or mountain) and modern skiing appeared. The first type of skiing is widespread mainly in the Scandinavian countries, as well as in Russia. Alpine skiers live in Switzerland, France and Austria. As for the representatives of modern skiing arts, they come mainly from the USA and Canada.

Norwegian type

The founder of this category, as we have already said, was Sondre Norheim. He, taking military skis of past centuries into his hands, modernized them, namely, reduced the length from 3 to 2.4 meters, installed a mount and narrowed the middle part of the structure. This made it possible to make the skis very maneuverable and comfortable, during which many fans of this development appeared.

The Norwegian type of skiing included the following disciplines:

Ski jumping.
Racing over rough or flat terrain.
Biathlon or combining racing with jumping.

Alpine type

It is generally accepted that the founders of the alpine skiing sport were the British. Wealthy citizens of this foggy country regularly went on vacation to the picturesque Alps, where, in fact, they honed their skiing skills. This is how the alpine disciplines were born:

The descent is complicated with obstacles.
Descent to speed.

It is important to note that the alpine winter sport was not included in the curriculum of universities for a long time, as it was considered simply entertainment for the elite of society. After the First World War, it became part of the Olympic program; moreover, the athletes who competed in skiing were not differentiated. At the same time they performed both Norwegian and Alpine tricks.

New skiing

In short, the history of the development of a new type of skiing has absorbed all the most difficult and extreme things from the Alps and Norway. This happened in the 20s of the twentieth century in the United States. It was the Americans who developed the extreme winter sports that are now the most popular. Among the disciplines of this new branch are the following:

Ski acrobatics.
Mogul.
Halfpipe and slopestyle.
Ski cross.

These types of descent also soon became part of the official program of skiers, but they are still used as entertainment by extreme sports enthusiasts all over the world.