History of the development of skiing. The origin and history of skiing Skiing today

TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY

NAMED AFTER G.R. DERZHAVINA

DEPARTMENT

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

ABSTRACT ON THE TOPIC:

« HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT

SKIING"

COMPLETED

1st YEAR STUDENT, 2nd GROUP

MOISEEV ALEXEY

1. Development of skiing as a sport.................................................... .............................. 1

2. Place and importance of skiing

in the system of physical education…..…………………………………………………….. 9

3. Skiing in the Olympic Games program……………………………15

4. From the history of the development of skiing in Tambov....................................................... 19

5. List of used literature................................................... ............... 25

1. DEVELOPMENT OF SKIING AS A SPORT

Skis, as a means of increasing the area of support and facilitating movement in deep snow, appeared in ancient times. The use of skis in ancient times can be judged from rock carvings of figures of skiers. Such images were discovered on the territory of our country on the White Sea coast. Archaeologists date these drawings to approximately the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. From them you can judge the shape of the skis - they are quite narrow and long, with curved toes. The figures of skiers are depicted with one stick in the form of a spear. Obviously, it was used for hunting and for ease of movement. Similar images were also found in Scandinavia.

The latest research suggests that skiing was invented approximately 15-20 thousand years ago. Most likely, the first type of skis used by the northern peoples were walking skis of various shapes - round, oval and rocket-shaped. Later, skis lined on the bottom with elk, deer, or seal skins began to spread, with the pile facing backwards, which made it possible to avoid slipping when going uphill.

Among the northern peoples of our country, skis were first used in everyday life and for hunting. They made it possible to pursue animals falling into deep snow for a long time. Later in Rus', skis began to be widely used on holidays and in winter fun, where strength, agility, and endurance were demonstrated in skiing races and in skiing down the slopes.

In addition, skis were also used in military affairs. Russian ski troops fought against the Mongol-Tatars, against the Poles on the western borders, Napoleon's troops, and were used during the Russian exploration of the vast expanses of Siberia and the Far East.

The first information about the use of skis for sports purposes in Scandinavian countries dates back to the Middle Ages. Skiing began to develop there primarily in military units. In the 16th century By order of the Norwegian Minister of War, ski teams were formed. Cross-country skiing and other exercises were used to prepare soldiers for combat. In 1767, in Christiania (Oslo), a program of skiing competitions was developed for soldiers, which included short-distance speed competitions with full ammunition and weapons, shooting at a target while descending from a slope, descending a slope among bushes and from a steep slope . Anyone could take part in the competition, not just soldiers.

The impetus for the development of skiing among the population and for attracting spectators to competitions was an exhibition of ski equipment in Trondheim in 1862. Already in 1877, the Christiania ski club was organized, and skier competitions began to be held. A significant contribution to the popularization of skiing was made by the polar explorer F. Nansen, who in 1890 published a book about his ski journey to the North Pole.

In Sweden, the first ski club was founded in 1895. Ski runs of 220 and 460 km, organized by the polar explorer A. Nordenskiöld in 1883-1884, contributed to the popularization of skiing.

Other Western European countries began to cultivate skiing later. At the end of the 19th century. ski clubs were created in Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, etc. First of all, mountain sports developed in these countries.

In 1910, an international ski congress took place in Oslo, where the International Ski Federation was organized. International competitions began to be held regularly.

Since the first Winter Olympic Games (1924), skiing has been included in their program. Until 1936, the program of the I-IV Winter Olympics included only cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined for men. Since 1936, alpine skiing events for men and women began to be included. Cross-country skiing for women began to be held at the VI Winter Olympics in 1952. Relay races for men (4 x 10 km) were introduced in 1936, for women (3 x 5 km) - in 1956.

World cross-country skiing championships have been held since 1925, but only in 1937 did they become officially called world championships. However, the winners of these competitions before 1937 are considered world champions. For women, world championships began to be held in 1954. World alpine skiing championships have been held since 1931.

Before Soviet skiers entered the international arena, skiers from Scandinavian countries, and especially Norway, became winners and medalists of the Olympics and world championships. In some years, skiers from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland and the USA achieved success - mainly in ski jumping and Nordic combined. In alpine skiing, representatives of the Alpine states (Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy) and, to a lesser extent, Scandinavia excelled.

In addition to the Olympic Games and world championships, traditional international competitions are regularly held in Holmenkollen (Norway), which were first organized in 1888, Falun (Sweden), Lahti (Finland) and other cities that bring together the world's strongest skiers. Since 1922, the extremely popular international race “Vasa-loppet” has been held annually in Sweden, attracting several thousand athletes. In 1977, this race was won by Soviet skier I. Garanin.

In Russia, skiing began to develop at the end of the 19th century. Since access to sports circles and clubs was closed to the general population, skiing was mainly of an entertaining nature. Ski lovers, whose circle was small, limited themselves to skiing.

The first skiing competitions were held in our country on February 13, 1894 by the St. Petersburg circle of sports enthusiasts. The winner at the distance of ½ verst (266.5 meters) was A. Derevitsky with a result of 1 minute. 35 sec. The next year, P. Moskvin (1 min. 13 sec.) won at the same distance, and T. Yuryeva (1 min. 57.5 sec.) won among women. In Moscow in the winter of 1895, skiing enthusiasts held competitions at distances of 1 and 3 km, in which 9 people took part.

The tsarist government, in order to distract workers from the revolutionary struggle, allowed the organization of sports clubs and societies. On March 3, 1895, the charter of the first Moscow Ski Club in Russia was approved. In its first year it had only 36 members. The club, promoting skiing, organized competitions and established prizes for victories and for the largest number of miles covered during the season on skis. On January 28, 1896, the first official competition for the title of the best skier at a distance of 3 versts (3 km 200 m) took place. Two years later, a similar club, called “Polar Star,” was organized in St. Petersburg.

In 1901, the Society of Ski Lovers was created in Moscow. Competitions between clubs began to be held. In 1902, the first competition for the title of the best skier in Moscow was held at an unusually long distance for that time - 25 miles, where M. Remmert won. Three times - in 1907, 1908 and 1909. - A. Lebedev became the champion of Moscow. Since 1903, women began to take part in competitions.

In subsequent years, several more ski clubs were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tula, Ryazan, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Smolensk and other cities. On February 7, 1910, the first competition for the Russian championship at a distance of 30 km took place in Moscow, in which skiers from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novgorod took part. Victory with a result of 2 hours 26 minutes. 47 sec. won by P. Bychkov, who became the champion in 1911. On the same day, a race for boys at 1 verst (1.066 km) was also held.

The Moscow League of Skiers (1910), which united 10 clubs, played an important role in the development of skiing in Russia. In the winter of 1909-1910. 18 inter-club competitions have already taken place in Moscow. Annual relay races were held around Moscow, and since 1912, a 60-verst race along the route Zvenigorod - Moscow.

In 1900-1909 Various literature began to appear, which outlined issues of skiing technique, training and equipment. With the accumulation of experience in subsequent years, training manuals appeared that were useful for beginners. These works reflect a one-sided focus on developing endurance.

Competitions in Russia were held only on flat terrain. Skiers used skis up to 3-3.5 m long, and poles as tall as a person and taller. Soft bindings and shoes were used. There was no mass production of ski equipment; it was imported from Finland and Sweden. Ski ointments began to be used in 1913. Athletes used the “Russian move” (according to modern terminology, alternating two-step). They became acquainted with simultaneous moves in 1913 at international competitions in Sweden, where Russian skiers took part, but performed unsuccessfully.

Alpine skiing in Russia began to develop in 1906, when the Polar Star society built the first springboard near St. Petersburg from which it was possible to ski jump 8-10 m. In 1909 and 1912. springboards with a jump length of up to 20 m were built.

After the revolution during the Civil War, when organizing universal military training (Vsevobuch), skiing was given special importance. In 1919, there were more than a hundred sports organizations where skiing was practiced. Ski detachments took part in combat operations during the Civil War. The detachment under the command of T. Antikainen fought through enemy lines for more than 1000 km.

A cadre of ski coaches and instructors was trained, and starting in 1918, various competitions were regularly held. Since 1920, competitions for the RSFSR championship in cross-country skiing began to be held among men, and since 1921 - among women.

Originated in the Scandinavian countries in the Middle Ages. Records dating back to 1700 tell of races on skis after making a bet. These were probably the first competitions.

Officially, the history of skiing began in the Norwegian military department. Skiing was encouraged among recruits of ski formations. In 1733, Hans Emahusen published the first manual for troops on ski training, with a sports focus. The first rules for skiing competitions also appeared, which were held in 1767 in various types that correspond to today's slalom, biathlon, racing and downhill. The best athletes were awarded. To promote skiing among the country's civilians, a sports and military review was held in Oslo in 1814.

The rich history of skiing, which began in Norway, has rapidly developed in all major world countries. After the first Norwegian ski sports society was organized in 1877, within 20 years similar sports clubs arose all over the world. Finland was the first to adopt the experience, in 1883 - Hungary, in 1891 - Austria and Switzerland, in 1803 - Germany and Italy, in 1895 - Sweden and Russia, in 1900 - the USA and Bulgaria, in 1902 - England, in 1912 - Japan.

Arctic explorers made a huge contribution to skiing: Adolf Nordenskiöld in 1883-1884, Fridtjof Nansen during his ski crossing of Greenland in 1889, Roald Amundsen in 1910-1911, in an expedition to the South Pole, the participants of which more than 2800 km on skis. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. competitions began to be held regularly in all major countries of the world. However, the direction of development of species in different countries was different. Jumping, cross-country racing and combined events developed in Norway. In Finland, cross-country skiing has developed. Mountain species are popular in alpine countries. In the USA, the specialization of sports development was influenced by Scandinavian settlers. Alpine skiing, under the influence of trainers from Austria, received skiing in Japan.

The history of skiing received a new impetus after the international ski congress with the participation of 10 countries in 1910 in Oslo. The International Ski Commission created here, reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation (FIS), began to actively organize world skiing competitions, including all types. The first Winter Olympic Games took place in 1924, the World Championships in 1926, and the Universiade in 1928.

Development of skiing in Russia

The Russian history of skiing began at the end of the 19th century. For a long time, domestic athletes were inferior to foreign ones, because development was slow, and skiing exercises were more of an entertaining nature. The first competitions took place in 1894 in St. Petersburg. The Moscow Ski Club (MSK) appeared in 1894 and had only 36 members in the first year. Ski enthusiasts promoted their hobby in Moscow and other cities, attracting new active participants to their ranks. The Polar Star club in St. Petersburg was their next achievement.

Due to the high cost of sports equipment, entry into ski clubs was not available to the general public. Despite the creation of new ski clubs in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Smolensk, Tula and other cities, at the beginning of the 20th century. skiing could not become widespread in Russia. Only after the creation of the Moscow Ski League (MLL) in 1910, which united 10 clubs at once, and soon the establishment of the All-Russian Ski Union, the number of competitions increased, and it became possible to coordinate the country’s ski movement.

At the moment, the situation with skiing in Russia is radically different. It can easily be classified as a mass sport, especially in alpine skiing. Our athletes take an active part in all world competitions and compete for gold medals along with the leaders.

Characteristics of types of skiing

Skiing includes alpine skiing, cross-country skiing at various distances, combined events (race and jumping), and ski jumping. Conventionally, the types of competitions can be divided into northern types, alpine types, freestyle and snowboarding.

Nordic events consist of cross-country skiing, ski jumping, orienteering, or a Nordic combination. Alpine sports are everything that makes up alpine skiing: slalom, giant slalom, downhill, super-giant slalom, alpine ski combination. Freestyle is a descent from a slope using elements of acrobatic jumps and ballet on skis. Snowboarding is a descent on one special board.

There are also such types of skiing as biathlon, skitour, ski tourism, ski orienteering, and ski mountaineering. Skiing is incredibly diverse and rich in different types. Anyone can choose a suitable direction that suits their needs and skills. In addition, it is a sport that improves health and brings a lot of pleasure.

In most areas of our country, where the winter is long and snowy, skiing is one of the most accessible and popular types of physical education.

Skiing is one of the most popular sports cultivated in the Russian Federation.

The first skiing competitions were held in our country on February 13, 1894 by the St. Petersburg circle of sports enthusiasts. On March 3, 1895, the charter of the first Moscow Ski Club in Russia was approved. Two years later, a similar club, called “Polar Star,” was organized in St. Petersburg.

In 1901, the Society of Ski Lovers was created in Moscow. Competitions between clubs began to be held. In 1902, the first competition for the title of the best skier in Moscow was held over an unusually long distance for that time - 25 miles. Since 1903, women began to take part in competitions.

In subsequent years, several more ski clubs were created in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tula, Ryazan, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Smolensk and other cities. On February 7, 1910, the first competition for the Russian championship at a distance of 30 km took place in Moscow, in which skiers from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novgorod took part. On the same day, a 1-verst (1,066 km) race for boys was also held.

Since 1918, various competitions have been regularly held. Since 1920, competitions for the RSFSR championship in cross-country skiing began to be held among men, and since 1921 - among women.

The USSR Championship was first held in 1924. In subsequent years, skiing became more widespread - in 1925, 20 thousand pairs of skis were manufactured in the country, in 1927 - 113 thousand, in 1929 - 2 million pairs.

In 1927-1930 In connection with the gradual transition to cross-country tracks, ski equipment has changed significantly. The length of skis and poles decreased, rigid boots and bindings appeared, and bamboo poles with loops for hands began to be used (instead of wooden ones).

The growth in the popularity of skiing is associated with the introduction in 1931 of the All-Union physical training complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR” (GTO). Unified physical education programs at school and GTO standards have become the basis for improving ski training among young people. Since 1932, all-Union skiing competitions for schoolchildren began to be held regularly.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, all sports work was aimed at the physical training of fighters. The country's best skiers became ski instructors in units of the Soviet Army. Already in the first military winter, tens of thousands of skiers were in the ranks of the defenders of our Motherland and fought in special units and partisan detachments.

Since 1943, the USSR skiing championships, which were held in Sverdlovsk, resumed. The competition program at that time widely included paramilitary sports: patrol races, paramilitary races, shooting and grenade throwing races.

After the war, already in the first years, the total number of ski athletes increased by 1.5-2 times. In 1948, Soviet skiers joined the International Ski Federation (FIS) and took part in official international competitions for the first time in Holmenkollen (Norway).

Since 1924, the Winter Olympics have been held once every four years.

Olympic skiing sports include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding. Cross-country skiing is a competition in cross-country skiing, usually on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (until 1952 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4x10 km relay; for women - individual races of 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Nordic combined (northern combination) is a type of skiing that includes a 15 km race and a jump from a 90-meter (originally 70-meter) springboard. The competition is held over two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - racing). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins. According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions for double athletes are also held, which culminate in a 3x10 km relay race. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the biathlon-sprint, which is held over one competition day: literally an hour after the jump, participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap). The “Gundersen system” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” were included in the program of their competitions.

Ski jumping is a type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (initially: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is assessed in terms of execution technique (using a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Alpine skiing is a descent from the mountains on skis along special tracks marked with gates, with a time recording. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the downhill tracks is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slalom tracks is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women is 50-55, for men - 60-75; The length of the giant slalom course is up to 2000 m, the number of gates is 50-75; The length of the super-G track is up to 2500 m. The Olympic Games have been included in the program since 1936, and the World Championships have been held since 1931.

Freestyle (English: free style, lit. - free, freestyle), a type of alpine skiing; includes three varieties: mogul (downhill skiing on a bumpy track with two mandatory “figured” jumps), the so-called ski ballet (descent from the mountains performing various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.)), ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). There are over 30 countries in the Freestyle Skiing Committee (founded in 1978) at the International Ski Federation (FIS) (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986.

In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in moguls, the time to complete the course is additionally recorded).

Biathlon arose from skiing and shooting competitions held over many years in our country and abroad. The first skiing and shooting competitions were held in 1767. in Norway. Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would hit a specific target with a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps.

The development of biathlon in its modern form began only at the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20s and 30s, paramilitary skiing competitions were widespread in Red Army units. The athletes covered a distance of 50 km in full combat gear, overcoming various obstacles. Subsequently, militarized ski racing with weapons changed, becoming more and more close to sports competitions. Thus, patrol races appeared, consisting of a 30 km team race with weapons and shooting at the finish line.

"Military Patrol Races" were also popular abroad. They were included in the program as demonstrations at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix 1924. with awarding the winners and medalists with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances by “patrol officers” took place at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions due to the combination of several sports in one competition, differing in the nature of motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon.

The country's first official biathlon championship, with the participation mainly of cross-country skiers and patrolmen, was held in the Uktus Mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957.

During their participation in the Winter Olympic Games (1956-1988), Soviet skiers won 92 medals, including 35 gold, 28 silver and 29 bronze.

Since 1929, world championships have been held in all types of skiing. During their participation in them (1954-1987), Soviet athletes won 83 medals - 35 gold, 29 silver and 20 bronze.

Since 1931, the Winter Universiade has been held. Soviet student skiers began participating in them in 1951. The Universiade has always been held with an advantage in the teams of Soviet students.

Modern skiing includes 39 ski disciplines at the Olympic Games, 26 competitive ski exercises awaiting Olympic “registration”, as well as more than 20 exercises being approved as a “sport”.

Non-Olympic events include those ski exercises that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing. Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skating, Nordic combined sprint, ski flying, speed skiing, parallel slalom. Official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held in these sports.

In skiing, new competitive exercises are constantly appearing, many of which, as they are introduced, can acquire the official status of a type of skiing, up to inclusion in the Olympic program - they are classified as demonstration exercises: towing a skier, ski flying on hang gliders, descent from mountain peaks, mini -skis; Ski stunts: ski jump from a cliff with a parachute, ski jump from an airplane without a parachute, descent at the speed of a skier and race car driver.

Athletics is rightly called the “queen of sports”, and the rapidly developing skiing in the winter Olympic disciplines is the undisputed “king of sports”.

Churilov Kirill

Abstract on physical education "History of the development of skiing"

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Department of Education of the Administration of the City of Zarinsk, Altai Territory

Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school No. 1 of the city of Zarinsk, Altai Territory

ABSTRACT

In physical education

on the topic of:

History of the development of skiing

Completed:

Churilov Kirill,

student of class 9A

Teacher:

Subukhankulova S.B.

Zarinsk

2013

Introduction
Skiing in Russia
Ski competitions.
Competition rules.
References

Introduction.

Skis are one of the most ancient inventions of primitive man. The appearance of skis was due to man's need to hunt for food in winter and move across snow-covered terrain.

Skis appeared everywhere where people lived in snowy winter conditions. The first skis were walking skis. One of the latest finds (A. M. Miklyaev, 1982) was discovered on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4,300 years ago.

The first written documents about the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. V. n. e. Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, Greek historians Jordan in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century. The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of skis and their use by the peoples of the North in hunting animals. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to records 925. represented as a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as a training accessory for Norwegian court dignitaries.

In 1733 Hans Emahusen published the first manual on ski training for troops with a clearly sporting bias. In 1767 The first competitions were held in all types of skiing (according to modern concepts): biathlon, slalom, downhill and racing.

The world's first exhibition of various types of skis and ski equipment was opened in Trondheim in 1862-1863. In 1877 The first ski sports society was organized in Norway, and a sports club was soon opened in Finland. Then ski clubs began to function in other countries in Europe, Asia and America. The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lahtin Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet mass ski race (since 1922).

At the end of the 19th century. Skiing competitions began to be held in all countries of the world. Ski specialization varied from country to country. In Norway, cross-country racing, jumping and combined events have gained great development. In Sweden - cross-country racing. In Finland and Russia there are races on flat terrain. In the United States, the development of skiing was facilitated by Scandinavian settlers. In Japan, skiing received an alpine skiing direction under the influence of Austrian coaches.

In 1910, an international ski congress was held in Oslo with the participation of 10 countries. It established the International Ski Commission, which was reorganized in 1924 into the International Ski Federation.

At the 1st Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix (France, 1924), skiing was represented by cross-country skiing at a distance of 18 and 50 km, ski jumping and Nordic combined (ski jumping and cross-country skiing).

Norwegian skier Tarleef Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping.

Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of “King of Skis”. In the 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian was able to repeat or even surpass the record of the world’s first “King of Skis.” For his victories on the track, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of his extraordinary sporting achievements, the stern and taciturn Norwegians, for the first time in the world, erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic movement 60-70. g. knows only 2 cases when athletes were awarded such an honor. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics, Haug, and the hero of the Summer Olympics, Finn Paavo Nurmi.

Skiing in Russia

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current Young Pioneers Stadium, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing - the Moscow Ski Club - took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in 1901, and in 1910 the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. The Polar Star ski club is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs for other sports. In 1910, ski clubs in Moscow united into the Moscow League of Skiers. The League carried out public leadership of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants competed.

In February 1910, the Russian championship was held in a race at a distance of 30 miles. 14 people took part in it. The first champion was P. Bychkov. In total, before the Great October Revolution, five national championships took place in Russia.

In 1912, Moscow skiers A. Elizarov, M. Gostev, I. Zakharov and A. Nemukhin made the first crossing from Moscow to St. Petersburg. They covered a journey of 680 miles in 12 days, 6 hours and 22 minutes.

In 1913, Russian skiers took part in the international Nordic Games competitions for the first time, held in Sweden. However, they did not perform well (they did not finish the race).

Skiing competitions in pre-revolutionary Russia were held only on flat terrain. Ski equipment was then imported mainly from Finland and Sweden. The technical arsenal of the skiers was also poor: they moved only with the so-called Russian move (the prototype of the modern alternating two-step move).

The tsarist government did not show any concern for the development of sports. Under the conditions of political and economic oppression of the autocracy, the mass development of skiing was out of the question.

Ski competitions.

Races are cross-country cross-country skiing competitions on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (before 1952, 18 km), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4×10 km relay; for women - individual races of 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4 x 5 km relay (until 1970 - 3 x 5 km).

Racing is the most widespread and popular type of skiing competition. The first competition in speed cross-country skiing took place in Norway in 1767. Then the Swedes and Finns followed the example of the Norwegians, and later the passion for racing arose in Central Europe. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. National ski clubs have appeared in many countries. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) was created. The USSR joined it in 1948. In 2000, FIS had 98 national federations.

The length of the races can be very different - from 1 km at competitions for junior schoolchildren to 50 km at national and world championships, at the Olympics and to “ultra marathons” of 70 km or more. The complexity of the distance is determined not only by its length, but also by the difference in elevation, that is, the difference in elevations above sea level between the start-finish place and the highest point of the route.

Ski racing has been included in the programs of all Winter Olympics since 1924, and in 1925 world championships began to be held. Initially these were only men's competitions at distances of 18 and 50 km. But the program was constantly expanding. In 1952, women skiers took part for the first time at the VI Olympic Games in Oslo. At the end of the 1990s. skiers competed for Olympic awards in ten types of programs - five each for men and women.

At the First Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, along with the Olympic awards, the winners and prize-winners were awarded world championship medals, which later became a tradition for all Olympic skiing competitions. Initially, the World Championships were held annually, then (starting in 1950) the FIS established a four-year cycle (even “non-Olympic” years), and from 1985 a two-year cycle (odd years).

In Russia, the first “skiing” competitions took place in St. Petersburg in 1894, the track was laid directly along the snow-covered Neva. The first Russian championship was held in 1910, and the first USSR championship in 1924.

In the 1920-30s. Soviet riders repeatedly competed in international competitions. In 1954, they took part for the first time in the World Championships in Falun (Sweden), where Vladimir Kuzin won two gold medals in the 30 and 50 km races and Lyubov Kozyreva in the 10 km race and relay.

The greatest successes in cross-country skiing were achieved by athletes from the Scandinavian countries and the USSR (Russia). Among Russian skiers: two-time world champion (1970) and two-time Olympic champion (1972) Vyacheslav Vedenin, four-time Olympic champion (1972, 1976)

and five-time world champion (1970, 1974) Galina Kulakova, four-time Olympic champion (1976, 1980, 1992) and four-time world champion (1974, 1982, 1985, 1991) Raisa Smetanina, Olympic champion (1976) and world champion (1978) Sergei Savelyev, four-time Olympic champion (1980, 1984) Nikolai Zimyatov, six-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994) and three-time world champion (1991, 1993) Lyubov Egorova, three-time Olympic champion in the relay (1992, 1994, 1998) and fourteen-time world champion ( 1989-1997) Elena Vyalbe, five-time Olympic champion (1992, 1994, 1998) and nine-time world champion (1993-1999) Larisa Lazutina.

Among foreign racers, the highest results were shown by: Finns Veikko Hakulinen (three-time Olympic champion, 1952, 1956), Ero Mäntyuranta (three-time Olympic champion, 1960, 1964), his compatriot Marja - Liisa Hämäläinen - Kirvesniemi (three-time Olympic champion, 1984), Swede Gunde Svan (four-time Olympic champion, 1984, 1988), Norwegian Björn Daly (eight-time Olympic champion, 1992, 1994, 1998), in 1999 awarded the title “Best Skier of the 20th Century”.

Over the 75 years of its history, cross-country skiing competitions have undergone many changes. In the mid-1980s. In connection with the emergence of a new running technique (“skating” or “free style”), the method of covering each distance was regulated by the rules and program of the competition. In addition, “pursuit races” appeared in the program, the starting order in which is determined by the results of the competitions held the day before (according to the so-called “Gundersen system”, which came into practice in Nordic combined somewhat earlier).

According to the rules of the competition, if the first races (30 km, men, and 15 km, women) are held in the classic style, then the last ones (50 km, men, and 30 km, women) are held in the free style and vice versa. According to the “Gundersen system”, on the first day skiers run in a classic style (10 km for men and 5 km for women), and on the next day in a free style (15 km for men and 10 km for women). In relay races, the first two stages are completed in the classical style, the third and fourth in the free style.

A special place in cross-country skiing is occupied by the so-called ultra-marathons. It began with the 90-kilometer Vasa-loppet run carried out in 1922 between the Swedish cities of Selen and Moro, named after the Swedish king Gustav Vasa, who made this crossing at the beginning of the 16th century. during the war of liberation with the Danes.

Ultramarathons are held in many countries around the world (including in Russia under the name “Ski Track of Russia” since 1983). 14 of them are united in the permanent competition system “WorldLoppet” (“World Ultramarathon”), created in 1978.

Nordic combined (northern combination) is a skiing sport that includes a 15 km race and a 90-meter (originally 70-meter) springboard jump. The competition is held over two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - racing). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gundersen system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

According to the “Gundersen system”, team competitions for double athletes are also held, which culminate in a 3-10 km relay race. In 1999, a new type of program appeared - the biathlon-sprint, which is held over one competition day: literally an hour after the jump, participants go to the start of the 7.5 km race (also with a handicap).

The “Gundersen System” was borrowed by racers and biathletes: the so-called “pursuit races” were included in the program of their competitions. Nordic combined as a sport originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. (in Russia the first competitions took place in 1912 near St. Petersburg). In 1924, Nordic combined was included in the program of the Olympic Games and World Championships. In the USSR, biathlon began to develop in the late 1930s. The highest achievements in this event were achieved by the Norwegian athlete Johan Grettumsbroten (two-time Olympic champion in 1928 and 1932) and three-time Olympic champion from the GDR Ulrich Wehling (1972, 1976, 1980). Among the Russian Olympic medalists are Nikolai Kiselev (silver medal at the IX Olympiad in Innsbruck in 1964) and Nikolai Gusakov (bronze medal at the VIII Olympiad in Squaw Valley in 1960) and Valery Stolyarov (bronze at the XVIII Olympiad in Nagano in 1998) .

Ski jumping originated in Norway at the end of the 19th century. In most Norwegian cities, they began to build first earthen springboards, then wooden ones and from metal structures. In 1897, the first official jumping competitions took place near Oslo (in Russia - in 1906 near St. Petersburg).

In parallel with jumping, biathlon also developed. In 1924, the International Ski Federation (FIS) created a technical committee for these disciplines, and at the same time jumping and biathlon were included in the program of the Winter Olympics and World Championships.

It was the time of all-round skiers. Among them, the most noticeable mark was left by the Norwegians TurleifHaug and Johan Grettumsbroten, who performed with great success both at racing distances and on the ski jump. They passed the winning baton to their fellow countryman, the jumper Birger Ruud, who dominated the sport for 18 years (1930-1948). He won two Olympic gold medals and three at the World Championships. His achievement was surpassed in the 1980s. only Finnish athlete Matti Nykänen (four-time Olympic champion and four-time World Cup winner).

For a long time, jumping competitions were held on one medium-power springboard (70 m) and took place on one day. In 1962, jumping from a large springboard (90 m) was included in the program, and 20 years later, in 1982, team competitions were added to individual competitions - also on a large springboard. In the 1990s. The design capacities of the medium and large springboards reached 90 and 120 m, respectively.

In addition to these springboards, there are so-called “flight” springboards, which are structures of a special design that allow you to make jumps and flights up to 200 m or more in length. The most famous among them are the ski jumps in Planica (Slovenia), Vikersund (Norway), Oberstdorf (Germany), and Kulm (Austria). Since 1972, under the auspices and according to the rules of FIS, the World Ski Flying Championships have been held and the World Cup has been played. In 2000, at one of the stages of the Cup, the Austrian jumper Andrea Goldberger set a world record - his flight was 225 m.

In Russia, ski jumping began to truly develop only in the late 1940s. The greatest successes in this type of skiing were achieved by Vladimir Belousov (Olympic gold medal at the Games in Grenoble, 1968) and Gariy Napalkov, who won two gold medals at the 1970 World Championships in Strbske Pleso (Czechoslovakia).

Alpine skiing is a descent from the mountains on skis along special tracks marked with gates, with a time recording. Includes: downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G and all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men. The length of the downhill tracks is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slalom tracks is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women is 50-55, for men - 60-75; The length of the giant slalom course is up to 2000 m, the number of gates is 50-75; The length of the super-G track is up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1936, the World Championships have been held since 1931.

All alpine skiing disciplines began with slalom, which appeared in all countries of Central Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. The greatest successes in this sport have been achieved by athletes from the alpine countries of Europe and Scandinavia.

The development of alpine skiing is managed by the International Ski Federation (FIS), and in 1931 an alpine skiing technical committee was created. In the same year, the first world championship took place in Mürren (Switzerland). The first world champion in slalom and downhill was the English alpine skier E. McKinnon.

It is interesting to note that in alpine skiing, unlike racing, there has never been “female discrimination”. The formulas for men's and women's competitions have always been identical, developed and changed on equal terms. In 1936, at the IV Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany), the first Olympic champions were German skiers Franz Pfnür and Christel Kranz (in addition, at six world championships, 1934-39, she won 12 gold and 3 silver medals).

In the early 1950s. Giant slalom was included in the Olympic program of alpine skiing competitions, and scoring was also introduced in triathlon, but Olympic medals were not awarded in this event. Skiers competed according to this formula for about 30 years, then the federation’s slalom committee decided to exclude triathlon from the program, and instead introduce a new competition - the alpine combination, consisting of independent starts in slalom and downhill. In 1987, a fifth alpine skiing discipline was included - super-G, which finally predetermined the narrow specialization of the participants. They were divided into fairly clearly defined groups of masters of technique (slalom and giant) and speed (downhill and super), supporters of a universal approach competed on combination tracks.

The highest results in alpine skiing competitions were achieved by the Austrian athlete Anton Sailer (three gold medals at the VII Olympics in Cortinad'Ampezzo, 1956), as well as the Frenchman Jean-Claude Killy, who repeated his achievement at the X Olympics in Grenoble (1968).

In recent decades, Western European athletes have continued to dominate alpine skiing: Annemarie Prell, Petra Kronberger, Hermann Mayer (Austria); Gustavo Toni, Deborah Compagnoni, Alberto Tomba (Italy); Ingemar Stenmark, Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden); Erica Hess, PirminZurbriggen (Switzerland); Katja Seitzinger (Germany); Kjetil Omodt (Norway) and others.

Among Russian alpine skiers, the greatest successes were achieved by: Evgenia Sidorova (bronze medal at the VII Olympics in Cortinad'Ampezzo in 1956), Svetlana Gladysheva (bronze medal in downhill at the World Championships in 1991 and silver in super-G at the XVII Olympics in Lillehammer in 1994).

Freestyle (English freestyle, lit. - free, free style), a type of alpine skiing; includes three varieties:

Mogul - downhill skiing on a bumpy track with two mandatory “figured” jumps; 2) the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains performing various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3) ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.). There are over 30 countries in the Freestyle Skiing Committee (founded in 1978) at the International Ski Federation (FIS) (1999). The World Cup has been held since 1978, the World Championships since 1986. In all three types, judges evaluate the technique of jumps or figures performed (in moguls, the time to complete the course is additionally recorded).

The pioneers of freestyle skiing were skiers who lacked the thrill of the slopes and the discipline of performing slalom techniques. Thus, one of the strongest Mogulists of the 1990s, Olympic champion Frenchman Edgar Grospiron, was expelled from the alpine skiing team for lack of prospects. His habit of going downhill with his knees tightly squeezed was more in keeping with the new sport of freestyle.

The freestyle skiing craze, which emerged in Europe and the United States in the early 1970s, quickly spread throughout the skiing world. Amateur local competitions began everywhere, and when their rank increased to the level of national championships and international tournaments, the need for unified rules arose. The freestyle technical committee created within the FIS has developed unified competition regulations.

At the XV Winter Olympics in Calgary (1988), unique performances in all types of freestyle were demonstrated at demonstration performances, but only at the next XVI Olympics in Albertville (1992) one of the freestyle types, moguls, was included in the program of the Olympic events. In 1994 in Lillehammer at the XVII Olympiad, acrobatic ski jumping was included in the program (ski ballet still remains outside the Olympic program).

Freestyle appeared in Russia in the mid-1980s. In 1986, the first all-Union competitions took place. Despite the lag, Russian athletes Elizaveta Kozhevnikova (mogul, third place) and Sergei Shchupletsov (mogul, second place) became medalists at the Lillehammer Olympics. In addition, Shupletsov also became a two-time world champion in combination. World champions in ski ballet were Elena Batalova (1995), Oksana Kushchenko (1997), Natalya Razumovskaya (1999), in acrobatic jumps - Vasilisa Semenchuk (1991).

Snowboarding (English: snowboarding, from snowboard - ski board), a type of skiing - descending a snowy slope on a wide edged ski (foot bindings are installed across the line of movement).

Snowboarding originated in the 1960s, when American slalomist Jay Barton demonstrated a descent on a slope on a ski board (snowboard) he invented, which ski manufacturers immediately became interested in. A professional international federation (ISF) was created, and competitions began to be held, awarding the winners the titles of world champions. But it was only in 1995 that a technical committee for snowboarding was established within the International Ski Federation (FIS). The first world championship was held in 1996. The snowboarding program includes two types of competitions: one of them is held on a regular snow slope, it includes varieties of slalom and giant slalom; the second requires a special structure - a trench resembling a cylinder cut lengthwise. According to this analogy, the competition is called “half-pipe”. In a half-pipe, an athlete rolls down from top to bottom along a kind of sinusoid from one section of the half-pipe to another, performing flip-flops at its edges. The judges evaluate the difficulty and technique of the jumps.

The program of the XVIII Olympic Games in Nagano (1998) included a half-pipe and a giant slalom. Russian snowboarding championships have been held since 1997.

“Military Patrol Races” were also popular abroad. They were included in the program as demonstrations at the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix 1924. with awarding the winners and medalists with Olympic medals. The same demonstration performances by “patrol officers” took place at the II, IV, V Winter Olympics.

The spectacle of paramilitary competitions, due to the combination in one competition of several sports that differ in the nature of motor activity, contributed to the transformation of patrol racing into a new

an independent sport - biathlon, approved in 1957. International Union of Modern Pentathlon. The first official national biathlon championship with the participation of mainly ski racers and “patrol officers” was held on the Uktus Mountains near Sverdlovsk in 1957. The first holder of the title of “country biathlon champion” was Vladimir Marinychev, who won the 30 km shooting distance. This championship gave a powerful impetus to the development of biathlon. Until now, national championships are held annually. In 1958 biathletes held the first world championship. The birthday of biathlon was officially proclaimed on March 2, 1958. at the first World Championships in Austria.

Initially, the program of biathletes at the national, world and Olympic championships included one event - a 20 km ski race with shooting from military weapons (caliber 5.6, 6.5 and 7.62 mm) at four firing lines with five shots at each of them. At the first three lines, shooting was allowed from any position, and at the fourth, last line, only from a standing position. For each miss, two penalty minutes were added to the race time. In 1965 By decision of the International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB), the requirements for shooting were increased. Firstly, the number of mandatory shooting exercises from a standing position has been increased - two (on the second and fourth lines) instead of one. Secondly, the penalty time was differentiated - 1 minute for hitting the outer circle and 2 minutes for missing the target. In 1966 at the world championships and since 1968. At the Olympic Games, the program was expanded by introducing the 4x7.5 km relay race, and then (in 1974 at the World Championships and 1980 at the Olympic Games) 10 km sprint races. In these same disciplines, shooting is carried out at two ranges from a position, lying down and standing. Moreover, in the relay race, at each turn, eight rounds can be used to hit five targets. Each miss is compensated by completing an additional 150m penalty loop. Since 1986 Free style is used at all distances. The popularity of biathlon in the world increased significantly after 1978, when combat weapons were replaced with a small-caliber rifle (5.6mm), the shooting distance was reduced to 50m, the 2-minute penalty was abolished, and the target size was established - 4cm when shooting prone and 11cm when shooting standing (on diameter). Biathlon has become more accessible. Currently, biathlon is cultivated in 57 countries.

Biathlon became an Olympic sport in 1960. At the VIII Winter Olympic Games in Squaw Valley, 1960. The first Olympic champion in biathlon was the Swedish athlete K. Lestander with a low race result (1:33.21) and excellent shooting: 20 hits out of 20! Excellent shooting was at that time the main criterion determining the final result of the competition. A. Privalov's bronze medal became the first award for biathlon at the first Winter Olympic Games in 1960.

In the Olympic biathlon competitions, athletes from the Scandinavian countries, the USSR - CIS - Russia, and the GDR - Germany performed more successfully than others.

Won two gold medals in the Olympic Games in his time: Magnar Solberg

(Norway) 1968, 1972, Viktor Mamatov (USSR) 1968, 1972; Ivan Byakov (USSR) 1972, 1976; Nikolay Kruglov (USSR) 1976; Anatoly Alyabyev (USSR) 1980; Frank Peter Rech (GDR) 1988; Mark Kirchner (Germany) 1992, 1994; Dmitry Vasiliev (USSR) 1984, 1988; Sergey Chepikov (RF) 1988, 1994 d. Among women, two-time Olympic champions were Anfisa Reztsova (RF) 1992, 1994. and Canadian Mariam Bedar - 1994

Alexander Tikhonov has four Olympic gold medals for victories in relay races at four Olympics in Grenoble, Sapporo, Innsbruck and Lake Placid, recognized as the best “shooting skier” on the planet.

The first Soviet Olympic champion in biathlon - the most difficult event of the Winter Olympic Games - was Vladimir Melanin in 1964, (Innsbruck), in the 20 km race. Soviet biathletes maintained golden traditions in the relay race for six Olympics in a row, starting in 1968. In the annals of world biathlon of the 20th century, such a sporting achievement will forever remain a record.

Women's biathlon received recognition in 1984. at the World Championships in Chamonix (France). Venera Chernyshova became the first world champion. In 1992 Women's biathlon was included in the program of the XVI Winter Olympic Games in Albertville, France. At these games, Anfisa Reztsova became the first Olympic champion at a distance of 7.5 km. She won gold despite three failures in the sprint distance. After 2 years, she again became an Olympic champion in biathlon at a distance of 7.5 km in the relay race in Lillehammer (Norway). At the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, the only gold medal in biathlon for the Russian team was won by biathlete from Tyumen Galina Kukleva. The 7.5 km race, which she won, turned out to be one of the most dramatic. At the finish line, the champion and silver medalist, Ursula Diesl from Germany, were separated by just 0.7 seconds. The winner of the men's 10 km sprint race was Norwegian, Ole Einar Bjoerndalen.

In the biathlon relay, Galina Kukleva did the hardest thing - she played about 30 seconds and pulled our team from sixth to second position. Silver medals for Russian biathletes: Olga Melnik, Galina Kukleva, Albina Akhatova and Olga Romasko.

The favorites of the men's biathlon relay were the teams of Germany, Norway and Russia, the countries whose athletes won the most awards at the Nagano Olympics. The first three places were taken by these teams, in the same order in which they stand in the unofficial team competition.

Viktor Maygurov, Pavel Muslimov, Sergey Tarasov and Vladimir Drachev are bronze medalists in the men's biathlon relay.

The achievements of biathletes of the Soviet Union and Russia over 40 years of development are the pride of national and world sports.

There are two significantly different skiing techniques. Like swimming, skiing was once all about speed, not technique. Now it is important to swim faster, for example, crawl or butterfly. Also in skiing. Once upon a time there was only one style of skating - classical. About 30 years ago, a new style of skiing began to develop - skating. Since 1988, this style has become part of the Olympic Games.

Let's fast forward to the 1950s. Since the early 1850s, when the classic style of two-stick skating was established, the sport has grown rapidly through the performances of famous athletes, gaining popularity faster than any other sport (such as running or swimming). Skis improved more and more, and athletes began to study physiology and methods of preparing for competitions. However, the development of skating techniques gave impetus to the development of other techniques.

In the 1960s, special machines appeared that laid ski tracks. Previously, this was done by the military - the tracks for competitions were prepared by hundreds of soldiers on skis. The ski track consisted of two depressions; skiers had to keep their skis parallel, pushing off alternately with their right and left feet. However, around the same time, Finnish policeman Pauli Siitonen began experimenting with the skating technique, when an athlete holds only one ski on a ski track and pushes off with the other foot.

Of course, with this technique, the leg quickly got tired and had to be changed. This method of skating was called the “Siitonen Step” or “half-skate”. When skiers, especially those who were training for sprinting because they had strong legs, began experimenting with new techniques on machine-made tracks, they discovered that by pushing off alternately with their right and left legs, they could move 10% faster - This is how the skating style was born.

In a classic sprint, the skis must be parallel to the direction of travel, and the skier moves in “steps” similar to a normal step, but with each step there is a slight push-off and glide. The feeling is as if you were sliding on a smooth floor in socks! This technique is preferable for beginners, as it is easier to learn than the skating technique; it is more natural and requires less physical preparation.

The skating technique is more similar to ice skating or roller skating. To move, you must push off with the edges of the skis, and then

slide. In this technique, pushing off with sticks and developing muscles plays a big role.

The new skating technique was not always popular. When it first began to be used in the 1970s, supporters of the traditional technique protested, since they considered the new technique unfair, forcing skiers to move on an unprepared track. Competition organizers even prevented the use of skating techniques by installing special barriers such as beams or nets along the edges of the track. However, the style continued to grow in popularity and in 1984 the International Ski Federation (ISF) legalized the style and it was included in the 1988 Olympic Games. Now the Games included both classic and free (skiers choose their own skiing technique) styles of skiing at distances from 1.5 to 50 km.

Although both classical and skating techniques are now fully recognized as Olympic sports, both styles are still controversial. Recently a new type of competition has been developed that combines both styles. Such competitions are held over two days: on the first day, participants must cover 15 km in the classical style, and on the second, the same distance in skating. This type of competition is called “pursuit race”, here the distance between skiers on the second day of competition is determined based on the results of the first day. Some believe that the "pursuit" should be included in the Olympic Games. However, due to the busy competition schedule, it is proposed to combine both race days into one. Athletes will have to quickly change skis and boots after completing half the course - it is believed that this will add a new element to the sport. However, there are also opponents of such innovations. They believe that this could lead to confusion among spectators, and the essence of the competition will be only about who can change equipment faster, and not about the skill of the athletes. Be that as it may, the two techniques of classical and skating certainly continue to bring variety and competition to a sport that has a traditional past and a modern future.

Competition rules.

High results of athletes are determined not only by good physical preparation, lubrication and equipment, but also by a well-prepared track. It should not have a lot of steep climbs, nor too steep descents with sharp turns, so the site for preparing the route should be chosen carefully. Nowadays, artificial snow is used at world competitions, but at lower level competitions, ski slopes are laid in winter and spring on real natural snow. A big problem at world competitions is that the athletes starting in the last numbers run on a route broken up by the athletes who started first. Because of this, they show results that do not reach the podium.

Therefore, the layer of snow on which athletes run must be as dense as possible. Competitions may be postponed due to low temperatures, heavy snow and fog. If competitions have begun, but conditions do not allow them to continue, they can be canceled or postponed with the consent of the leaders or their representatives.

The actual conduct of the competition is entrusted to the panel of judges. Its composition is determined by the “Rules”, taking into account the scale and significance of each competition. The composition of the panel of judges is as follows:

The team of judges at the start includes the starter and his secretary.

Before the start of each major competition, a meeting of team representatives is held, the agenda of which includes the following issues:

Representation of officials, panel of judges, jury members, technical delegate;

Description of the ski stadium - entrance, ski marking, start, finish, relay transfer area, exit;

Characteristics of the route - profile, places for intermediate timing, food points, accessibility, safety issues;

Review of applications, including dividing participants into groups;

General information from the technical delegate and competition organizer.

References

1. Skiing textbook / T. I. Ramenskaya, A. G. Batalov./ Moscow. Flint Publishing, Science Publishing.

2. Skiing. Textbook for FC institutes and technical schools / Evstratova, Chukardin, Sergeev./St. Petersburg 2003

3. Ski training in educational institutions / A. P. Olyunin, G. B. Chukardin, N. I. Semenov / St. Petersburg 2003

History of skiing

All over the world, skiing has become one of the most popular winter sports. There is no sport that is more democratic, accessible, so closely connected with nature and so beneficial for humans.

The appearance of skis was due to man's need to hunt for food in winter and move across snow-covered terrain.

Skis appeared everywhere where people lived in snowy winter conditions. The first skis were walking skis. One of the latest finds (A.M. Miklyaev, 1982) was discovered on the territory of the Pskov region. According to experts, this ski is one of the oldest - made about 4,300 years ago.

The first written documents about the use of sliding skis date back to the 6th-7th centuries. n. e. Gothic monk Jordanes in 552, Greek historians Jordan in the 6th century, Abel the Deacon in 770. describe the use of skis by Laplanders and Finns in everyday life and hunting. At the end of the 7th century. The historian Verefrid gave a detailed description of skis and their use by the peoples of the North in hunting animals. King of Norway Olaf Trugvasson according to records 925. represented as a good skier. In 960 skis are mentioned as a training accessory for Norwegian court dignitaries.

The first use of the word “skis” in Rus' dates back to the 12th century. Metropolitan Nikifor, in a letter to the Kyiv prince Vladimir Monomakh, uses the word “skis”.

The folk epics of the Nordic countries often represented gods on skis, which was considered one of the main advantages, for example, the Norwegian god of skiing and hunting Ull.

The forced need of primitive man to invent and use skis in winter to obtain food later became the basis for their widespread development.

In addition to domestic needs and hunting, skis began to be used as a means of communication and in military affairs.

In the Nikon Chronicle for 1444. describes the successful campaign of the Moscow ski army to defend Ryazan from the Tatar prince Mustafa from the Golden Horde.

Skis were used in the armies of Peter I and Catherine II. The roots of folk fun, amusements, games, and entertainment on skis, including with elements of competitions, go back to the hoary antiquity of centuries.

The Norwegians were the first to show interest in skiing as a sport.

The popularity of ski holidays grew in Norway - the Holmenkollen Games (since 1883), Finland - the Lahtin Games (since 1922), Sweden - the Vasaloppet mass ski race (since 1922).

In the second half of the 19th century, an organized sports movement began to develop in Russia. On December 29, 1895, in Moscow, on the territory of the current Young Pioneers Stadium, the grand opening of the country's first organization leading the development of skiing - the Moscow Ski Club - took place. This official date is considered to be the birthday of skiing in our country. In addition to the Moscow Ski Club, the Society of Skiing Fans was created in 1901, and in 1910 the Sokolniki Ski Club. By analogy with Moscow in 1897. The Polar Star ski club is created in St. Petersburg. In those years, skiing in Moscow was cultivated in the winter in 11 more clubs, in St. Petersburg in 8 clubs for other sports. In 1910, Moscow ski clubs united into the Moscow Ski League. The League carried out public leadership of skiing not only in Moscow, but also in other cities of Russia. During the ski season 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held in Moscow - eighteen, in which 100 participants competed.

On February 7, 1910, 12 skiers from Moscow and St. Petersburg competed for the first individual national championship in the 30 km ski race. The title of the first skier in Russia was awarded to Pavel Bychkov. The first national championship among women was played in 1921; Natalya Kuznetsova won at a distance of 3 km.

The strongest Russian skiers, national champions Pavel Bychkov and Alexander Nemukhin first participated in international competitions in 1913. in Sweden at the Nordic Games. Skiers competed at three distances - 30, 60 and 90 km. Our performance was unsuccessful, but we learned many useful lessons on skiing techniques, ski lubrication, and equipment design.

Before the start of the First World War, 5 Russian championships were held.

In 1918 skiing is included in the academic disciplines of the first curriculum of higher physical education.

By the number of victories at the national championships 1910-1954. The highest rating is occupied by Zoya Bolotova, an eighteen-time champion. Among the men, Dmitry Vasiliev was the strongest - 16 victories, he is the first holder of the title “Honored Master of Sports”.

Total for the period 1910-1995. 76 national championships were held at distances from 10 to 70 km for men, and from 3 to 50 km for women. Since 1963, the national championship program has included an ultra-marathon distance for men - 70 km. For women, since 1972 the longest distance has been 30 km, and since 1994 - 50 km.

The record length 4-day men's race was held in 1938 - 232 km from Yaroslavl to Moscow. Dmitry Vasiliev won - 18 hours 41 minutes 02 seconds.

The record of the first ski century for the number of victories at the national championships was set by Galina Kulakova - 39 gold medals. The sporting achievements of Galina Kulakova were rewarded by the International Olympic Committee with the Olympic Silver Order. According to the proposal of the Russian Olympic Committee, the first international Coubertin prize among our compatriots was awarded to Raisa Smetanina, the leader of the world elite skiers. A participant in five Olympics and eight world championships, Raisa Smetanina set another unique record for sports longevity - at the 5th Olympics she was crowned with a gold medal at 40 (!) years old.

Currently known types and disciplines of skiing are differentiated into Olympic, non-Olympic and demonstration.

Olympic skiing is included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games, which have been held since 1924. These include: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, alpine skiing, biathlon, freestyle, snowboarding.

Non-Olympic events include those ski exercises that are approved by the relevant International Ski Federation and have the legal status of a type of skiing.

Non-Olympic sports: orienteering, windsurfing, team race of four biathletes, ski ballet or figure skating, Nordic combined sprint, ski flying, speed skiing, parallel slalom. Official world championships, the World Cup, and other international competitions are held in these sports.

Norwegian skier Tarleef Haug became the Olympic champion in cross-country skiing and Nordic combined. He took third place in ski jumping. Tarlif Haug was the first in the world to be awarded the title of “King of Skis”. In the 16 subsequent games, not a single Olympian was able to repeat or even surpass the record of the world’s first “King of Skis.” For his victories on the track, Haug was awarded 10 Royal Cups. As a sign of his extraordinary sporting achievements, the stern and taciturn Norwegians, for the first time in the world, erected a lifetime monument to Tarlif in his homeland. History of the Olympic movement 60-70. knows only 2 cases when athletes received such an honor. Both of them were heroes of the 1924 Olympics. This is the hero of the White Olympics, Haug, and the hero of the Summer Olympics, Finn Paavo Nurmi.

The birth of the Russian “King of Skis” took place at the XX World Championships in Falun (Sweden, 1954). It was 24-year-old Vladimir Kuzin, who won the 30 and 50 km distances and the ski marathon. The champion was awarded a large silver “Royal Cup” and awarded the title “King of Skis.”

Soviet athletes first took part in the VII Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, in 1956. The first participation was crowned with victories for men in the 4x10 km relay and women at a distance of 10 km. Vladimir Kuzin, Nikolai Anikin, Pavel Kolchin and Fedor Terentyev, and also Lyubov Kozyreva is the first Olympic champion among our skiers.

Over the years of participation in the Olympic Games, ski racers of the USSR-CIS among the five leading national teams of the world (Finland, Norway, Sweden, Italy) demonstrate enviable leadership stability at the highest level.

Russian skiers achieved phenomenal success, unprecedented in Olympic history, at the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano, winning all five races on the most difficult tracks in Hakuba. Three gold medals - two for victories in individual races and one in the relay, as well as silver and bronze medals were brought from Japan by Larisa Lazutina. The winner of three gold medals at the 1998 Games, L. Lazutina, was awarded the highest national state award - the Gold Star “Hero of Russia”. In 1994 The same award was given to six-time Olympic champion in cross-country skiing Lyubov Egorova.

The real discovery of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games in Nagano was Yulia Chepalova. At the first Olympics in her life, she won the 30 km race.

The first gold medal for the Russian team was won by Olga Danilova at a 15 km distance.

“No victory has ever been as hard for me as this one,” says the most decorated Olympian among male racers, Norwegian Bjorn Daly, after winning his eighth Olympic gold medal in the 50 km race in Nagano.

Miki Myllyla, the great skiing nation of Finland, waited 34 long years for this victory in the 30 km race. Since the time of Eero Mäntyranta, who made a victorious double at the 1964 Olympics in Innsbruck (then he won 15 and 30 km), not a single man has been able to climb to the highest step of the podium against the Finns. Finland gave the world outstanding skiers V. Hakulinen, Eero Mäntyuranta, Juha Mieto, Marje Matikainen, Marje Lyukkarinen and others.

In 1998 In Central Finland, in Vuokatti, in a village with a population of two and a half thousand people, the world's first ski tunnel was built. Opening the glass door, straight from the summer heat, you find yourself in the kingdom of cold. Speed, music, the incredibly loud sound of rustling snow. The feeling is indescribable. Five-time Olympic champion Larisa Lazutina has already held one of her summer training camps in Vuokatti. I was satisfied with the training on artificial “underground” snow.

The ski stunts are even more impressive. An extremely risky ski jump from an airplane without a parachute was made by Austrian Erik Felbermeier from a height of 3000 m. He landed on the slope of a steep mountain with precise timing.

Over time, several athletes who organize the first competitions begin to master the tricks of single craftsmen, some of them, from the beginning of tricks, reach the Olympic rating. That's how it was with freestyle.

Modern skiing includes 39 skiing disciplines at the Olympic Games in Nagano, 26 competitive skiing exercises awaiting Olympic registration, as well as more than 20 exercises being approved as a “sport”.

Athletics is rightly called the “queen of sports,” and the rapidly developing skiing among the Winter Olympic disciplines is the uncontested “king of sports.”

Prepared by: Makarov A.S.