Why are the Paralympic Games called that? Paralympic Games. Ludwig Guttmann

EDUCATIONAL PRIVATE INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL "LEADER"

"Paralympic Games"

Vostrikov Daniil

Student 7 "A"

Direction Section

Physical education and sports

Project Manager:

Glavatskikh Marina Pavlovna

(physical education teacher)

Moscow
2015

Problem:

B indifferent attitude of students towards people with disabilities as a result of lack of communication with such people, lack of awareness of students about the history of the Paralympic Games, the achievements of Paralympic athletes, and the values of the Paralympic movement;

ABOUTlack of culture of communication with people with disabilities.

Relevance of the problem:

The relevance of the problem of forming a tolerant consciousness is indisputable.

Tolerance is more important than ever before in the modern world; it is not only the most important principle, but also a necessary condition for peace and the socio-economic development of all peoples.

The term “tolerance,” gradually being introduced into the consciousness of young people, prepares changes in the system of interpersonal relationships, promotes positive interaction, and enriches the personality of a young person.

Project goals and objectives:

- educational:

determining the role of sport in the development of tolerance;

studying the history of the Paralympic Games;

inclusion of schoolchildren in the study of human values .

- developing:

ability to explain and promote the ideas of Paralympicism;

the ability to collect and process information on a topic, draw conclusions and proposals based on the data received.

- educational:

instilling tolerance and sensitivity in students;

creating a culture of communication between students and people with disabilities.

Paralympic Games

I Introduction

II Theoretical part

2.3 Paralympic sports: summer and winter

2.4 Tolerance in sports

III Practical part

List of uses

no literature

Annex 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Appendix 6

Overcome your misfortune.

Life is given only once

Live it with dignity

Despite the difficult time.

If it's difficult, if it hurts,

Don't give up and don't cry!

Be higher above it, above the pain,

The time of failure will disappear!

Don't give up, but fight

Everything will go away by itself.

Rejoice, my friend! You are alive

Even with this wild pain!

N. Shkolnikova

I Introduction

On the street, in the park, in public places we very rarely meet people with disabilities. But this does not mean that there are few of them. It’s just that in our country there are not enough conditions for them to live a normal life: not every house has ramps for descending, public transport and public places are not suitable for them, there are very few sports and recreational facilities for the disabled.

I play football professionally and try not to miss television broadcasts of sporting events. Last year I learned that there are also competitions for people with disabilities. I was very excited and interested in this topic. My mother and I found a lot of information on her, watched videos and biographies about Paralympic athletes.

Here, belonging to a country does not matter. There is just a person. A man who achieved a real VICTORY over adversity. And he showed the whole world that Man sounds proudly. I believe that Paralympians are the strongest people in spirit and body.

I want to talk about the Paralympic movement.

How often do people who look different from you and me catch the gaze of passers-by. Someone will look furtively, someone will sympathize, someone will be indignant: they should stay at home, there is no point in driving on the sidewalks in strollers!

We are talking about disabled people. How can you not get embittered, how can you not get even with life in general, if you know that you have days ahead filled with the same things: medications, lack of communication, silence!

But what happened to people we call disabled can happen to any of us! After all, few people are born disabled. These are mainly the results of accidents, wars, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks.

In 1992 At the 47th session of the UN General Assembly, by a special resolution, December 3 was officially proclaimed the International Day of Persons with Disabilities.

According to the Constitution, people with disabilities have equal rights with all citizens of the country. But is this true in life?

Among the disabled there are people who do not want to put up with this situation. They struggle with themselves, with their handicap, and achieve amazing results. One of the most striking examples of a person’s victory over himself, illness, and injury are the Paralympic Games.

II Theoretical part

The name was originally associated with the term paraplegia , since these competitions were held among people with spinal diseases. However, with the beginning of the participation of athletes with other diseases in the games, it was rethought as “near, outside ( παρά) Olympics". This refers to the parallelism and equality of the Paralympic competitions with the Olympic ones.

The spelling “Paralympic” is used in official documents, being a semblance of the official name (IOC) on - .

At first, the term "Paralympic Games" was used informally. The 1960 Games were officially called the "Ninth International Stoke Mandeville Games" and were only given the status of the first Paralympic Games in 1984.

The inspirer and organizer of the first major sports competitions for disabled people was neurosurgeon Dr. Ludwig Gutman from a hospital for the disabled in the town of Ilesburn in England. A German by birth, Gutman, fleeing the Nazis in Germany, emigrated to England in 1936. In 1944, at the suggestion of the British government, he organized a national center for the treatment of the spine. Using his methods, Gutman helped many soldiers wounded in the battles of World War II return to normal life after severe wounds and injuries. An important place in these methods was given to sports.

In 1948, Ludwig Gutmann organized sports competitions, which he called the "Wheelchair Olympics". At the same time, the next Olympic Games were taking place in London. His dream was to organize international competitions for people with physical disabilities every four years.

Dr. Gutman's work in involving people with disabilities in sports has received international public recognition. In 1960, after the end of the Olympic Games, the first Paralympic Games were held in Rome. In 1961, Gutman founded the British Disabled Sports Association, which later became a model for similar organizations around the world. In 1966, Dr. Gutman was awarded a knighthood.

At the Second Paralympic Games, which took place in Tokyo in 1964, the flag was officially raised for the first time, the anthem was played and the official emblem of the Paralympic Games was unveiled. The graphic symbol of the world Paralympic movement has become red, blue and green hemispheres, which symbolize the mind, body, and unbroken spirit. Three curls, called "agitos", symbolizing the Paralympic motto: "Spirit in motion". Agito means “I move” in Latin.

At the V Paralympic Games in Toronto, Canada, blind and visually impaired athletes participated for the first time. The IX Games in Barcelona were attended by over 1 million 300 thousand spectators. When the wheelchair rider from Cameroon reached the finish line of the marathon (42 km) 2 hours after the winner, the entire stadium gave him a standing ovation for his perseverance and courage.

The achievements of athletes with physical disabilities are amazing. Sometimes they came close to Olympic records. In fact, there is not a single sport left, known and popular, in which athletes with disabilities do not take part.

Summer sports

Winter sports

Skiing

Sled hockey

Ski race
Wheelchair curling.

Exclusively Paralympic sports

There are two sports that are competed exclusively at the Paralympic Games - goalball and boccia.

Goalball is played by two teams of three blind and semi-blind people. The game takes place on a rectangular field with markings.

The goal of the game is to throw a heavy ball, with bells inside, into the opponent's goal net. Defenders protect the goal with their own bodies.

Boccia is played by people with the most severe disabilities. The game is somewhat similar to curling. Athletes must roll, throw or push the ball as close to the target as possible.

The sport was originally invented for people suffering from cerebral palsy, but over time it was joined by people with various diseases of sensory-motor function.

Boccia is divided into four categories. The third category includes people who are unable to push the ball themselves. For them, at one end of the field, a special inclined plane is installed, along which they lower their balls towards the target. Athletes in this category are allowed to use an assistant who stands with his back to the court and cannot see the target.

Tolerance is a human virtue: the art of living in a world of different people and ideas, the ability to have rights and freedoms, without violating the rights and freedoms of other people. At the same time, this is not a concession, condescension or indulgence, but an active life position based on the recognition of something different.

One of the areas of the topic of tolerance in sports is tolerance towards people with disabilities, which I want to show through the example of the Special Olympics and the Paralympic Games.
It is generally accepted that only a healthy person can succeed in sports. However, people with physical disabilities sometimes show such a desire to win, such willpower, that they arouse admiration and envy.

Tens of millions of people who, for various reasons, have become disabled, are excluded from a full life. More than 15 million people are mentally retarded. Fortunately, there are special international organizations that host the Special Olympics and Paralympic Games. They involve people with intellectual disabilities and people with disabilities. These competitions have long been recognized and approved by the International Olympic Committee.

2.5 Paralympics and Special Olympics

The international movement “Special Olympics” was founded in 1968 by the sister of the 35th US President John F. Kennedy, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver.

This movement is designed to help adults and children (eight years and older) with intellectual disabilities feel needed by society. As part of the movement, winter and summer Special Olympics are held every four years.

Records are not recorded in them; the main thing is to introduce mentally retarded people, especially children, to spiritual, moral and cultural values. However, there are winners here too. For example, Russian Alexey Miroshin was the first in the summer (shot put) and winter (skiing) such Olympiads.

The Paralympic Games, which are an analogue of the Olympic Games, but for disabled athletes, began to be held in the second half of the 20th century. They involve people with physical disabilities, and since 1992 - with intellectual disabilities. There are separate sports unions, including international ones, for the blind, the deaf, for people with disabilities moving in wheelchairs, etc. The International Paralympic Committee has united five sports federations for the disabled, and it also includes the Russian Paralympic Committee.

The first competitions for disabled people took place in 1960 in Rome. Athletes with musculoskeletal disorders from 23 countries took part in them. In 1976, blind athletes and amputees competed for the first time.

The Paralympic Games are held every four years after the traditional Olympic Games, in the same city.

Unlike the Special Olympics, the Paralympic Games record world records and records of the games themselves - because their participants consciously set sporting goals for themselves and, if possible, achieve them. Thus, the Spaniard Javier Conde (his arms are amputated) set eight records on the treadmill during the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Six running records belong to Rimma Batalova from Russia, a nearly blind athlete.

Separately, records are registered among athletes of various classes: blind, amputated, wheelchair users, etc. These achievements in most cases are inferior to the results of healthy athletes, but what kind of courage and determination should a blind or armless person, for example, who is planning to run a hundred meters, have? !

Athletes in wheelchairs compete in overcoming various distances and in game events. Thus, the most successful tennis player is Ricky Molier from the Netherlands. He was a Paralympic champion and winner of many open tournaments.

Of course, the scope of these games is difficult to compare with the Olympic ones. And there are fewer participants, and few sports are represented, and the spectator interest is not so intense. But athletes with disabilities have no less desire to win, overcome themselves and write their name in history. And the Paralympic Games are captivating, first of all, with their sincerity and kindness.

For example, Turin in 2006 welcomed the Paralympians even more elegant and festive than their fellow Olympians. Paradoxically, the Italians took the “promotion” of the Paralympics much more seriously. The opening and closing ceremonies of the games were in no way inferior to the Olympic ones in terms of colorfulness. The organizers emphasized in every possible way that the Paralympics are no less important for them, and even skeptic journalists were touched by their warm welcome.

Then, in Italy, the Russian team of disabled athletes performed even better than the main team. The closing ceremony of the games made the most vivid impression on the winners. Athletes still remember with tears of joy in their eyes how, when they walked along the streets of Turin, crowds of friendly and happy Italians greeted them with shouts of “Russia, Rusi!” and all the words of the “great and mighty” that they only knew.

It is the recognition of society, in my opinion, that is extremely important for athletes with disabilities. The Paralympic Games give them a chance to win this recognition, to prove to themselves and the people around them that they can not only live with physical disabilities, but also enjoy life and rejoice in their sporting victories. Sport helps us realize that disabled people are no different from ordinary people; they amaze with their determination, zeal for victory, and love of life. Thus, sport contributes to the development of tolerance towards people with disabilities.

2.6 Unique results

Disabled people have demonstrated many amazing achievements not only at the Special Olympics and Paralympic Games, but also in competitions that are not popular. Each of them amazes with the power of the human spirit.

Irek Zaripov is a four-time Paralympic champion in cross-country skiing and biathlon, ambassador of Sochi 2014. Irek was born on March 27, 1983 in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, graduated from the College of Economics and Law. In childhood and adolescence, he was fond of various sports. But such a life was dashed by a Kamaz that hit seventeen-year-old Irek on a motorcycle, as a result of which he lost his legs! The first two years after the accident are endless hospitals, operations, immobility and despondency. He was like a plant - he ate, drank, slept. And then the parents seemed to run out of patience: “That’s enough, look what you look like!” Mother and father spoke so harshly to their son that he picked up dumbbells. Soon he became interested in athletics. And one summer, while clocking up kilometers in a wheelchair with biathletes who were roller skiing, I caught the eye of coach Amir Gumerov. Irek Zaripov made it to the Paralympics for the first time in 2006. After a successful performance at the Paralympic Games in Turin, active preparations began for the games in Vancouver, where Irek won 4 gold medals in cross-country skiing and biathlon.

Tatyana Kuznetsova was in a car accident when she was 20 years old, spent a long time in hospitals, and almost completely lost her leg. And in the summer of 1991, I ran 10 kilometers at the Moscow International Marathon! The president of the New York Club for the Disabled, Dick Traum, invited a courageous girl from a Ural factory village to a marathon in America. There Tatyana has already conquered 25 kilometers; it took her 9 hours to do this.

In 1991, the World Blind Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in the United States of America. Blind Vika Potapova from the USSR brought home 9 gold medals.

The famous former Moscow climber Adik Belopukhov, master of sports, conquered his first peak back in 1951, then twice became the champion of the USSR. In 1966, while roller skating along the highway, the athlete was hit by a truck... However, the climber did not give up and in 1991, storming Elbrus with paralyzed legs, he rose to a height of 4250 meters.

More than once, athletes have gone to marathons and supermarathons in wheelchairs. There were also competitions for disabled people in slalom... on one leg. Legless disabled “Afghans” competed in parachute jumps, but instead of landing, they splashed down. They jumped without prosthetics, and the safety of the parachutists was guaranteed by a boat that picked them up as they splashed down.

Finally, it is worth mentioning the competition, in which sighted and blind athletes participated simultaneously. The European Cycling Championships for the Blind took place in Moscow in 1991 and was organized jointly by the Charity and Health Foundation and the All-Russian Society of the Blind. In all types of the program, athletes performed in tandems - a sighted cyclist in front, a blind cyclist behind.

The Paralympic movement has existed in Russia for more than 15 years, the Paralympic Committee and the Russian Federation of Physical Culture and Sports for Disabled People have been operating.

In 1988, Russia took part in the Paralympic Games for the first time in Seoul.

Currently, in the development of sports among disabled people in Russia, there is an increasing role of the state. This is manifested primarily in government support for sports among people with disabilities; financing the training system for disabled athletes; formation of social policy in the field of sports for people with disabilities, in particular, social protection of athletes, coaches, and specialists.

On December 4, 2003, a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation was issued on the establishment of scholarships for disabled athletes who are members of Russian national teams in Paralympic and Deaf Olympic sports (with hearing impairment).

Leader of the Russian Paralympic wheelchair fencing team Lyudmila Vasilyeva (left) against a German athlete, September 5, 2012.

Rustam Nurmukhametov, a blind swimmer from Magnitogorsk, is preparing for the 100-meter freestyle swim in category S11 (for swimmers with complete or almost complete loss of vision).

Results of the Summer Paralympics in London 2012

Awards ceremony for Russian Paralympians, London 2012

President of Russia V.V. Putin in the Kremlin solemnly presented state awards to the champions of the XIV Paralympic Summer Games in London.

XI Paralympic Winter Games took place in Sochi (Russia) from March 7 to March 16, 2014. 610 athletes (including 63 leading athletes) from 45 countries took part in the games. The Russian sports delegation consisted of 197 people.

At the Games, 72 sets of medals were competed in 5 sports :
Alpine skiing – 30
Cross-country skiing – 20
Biathlon – 18
Paralympic snowboard – 2
Wheelchair curling – 1
Hockey sledge – 1

The 2014 Games program includes new disciplines: short-distance biathlon (6 sets of medals) and Paralympic snowboard cross (2 sets of medals).

The Russian Paralympic team took 1st place in the unofficial team event, athletes won 30 gold, 28 silver and 22 bronze medals (80 in total) in biathlon, cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, sledge hockey, and wheelchair curling. No medals were won in the new sport for Russian Paralympians - snowboarding. The gap in medals from the closest sports rival, the German national team, was 21 gold medals.

Among the significant events of the Games:
The absolute Paralympic Games record was set by Roman Petushkov (Moscow, coach – Honored Trainer of Russia Irina Aleksandrovna Gromova), who won six gold medals.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Winter Games, Russian alpine skiers Alexandra Frantseva and Valery Redkozubov (with visual impairment), as well as Alexey Bugaev (with a musculoskeletal impairment, standing) became champions in slalom and super combination.
For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Games, the Russian national sledge hockey team and the Russian national wheelchair curling team won silver medals.
Our biathletes achieved particular success, winning 12 gold medals out of a possible 18. After an extremely weak performance at the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver, the alpine skiers performed brilliantly, winning first overall team place and 16 medals.

III Practical part.

I developed two student questionnaires to determine the level of knowledge about the Paralympic Games and students' attitudes towards people with disabilities, and also asked the question: “How does a person with a disability make a student feel?”

(Appendix No. 1, Appendix No. 2, Appendix No. 3)

Each question has only one correct answer.

The survey was conducted among students in grades 3-6 (from my school), as well as my friends from other schools. The total number of respondents was XXX Human. After processing the questionnaires, I received the following results:

Question number

Number of correct answers

% correct answers

Questionnaire No. 1: Level of knowledge about the Paralympic Games

Questionnaire No. 2: Schoolchildren’s attitude towards people with disabilities

Question number

Number of students who answered “Yes”

% of those who answered “Yes”

Using the data obtained, I built three diagrams:

Level of knowledge about the Paralympic Games (Appendix No. 4)

Attitudes of schoolchildren towards people with disabilities (Appendix No. 5)

What feelings does a person with disabilities evoke in a student (Appendix No. 6)

Based on the results obtained, we can conclude: the attitude towards people with disabilities largely depends on the level of knowledge about the Paralympic movement and on the level of culture of communication with people with disabilities.

Therefore, I propose a number of educational and educational activities that will help students to be more informed about the issues of the Paralympic Games, develop communication skills and a culture of communication in students, and therefore tolerance:

Studying the history of the Paralympic Games, values and Russian Paralympic heroes;

Creation of information leaflets and booklets about the Paralympic Games and Paralympians for distribution in schools.

Discussions and discussions on this topic in physical education lessons and with the class teacher.

Holding joint holidays, chess tournaments and walks with children with disabilities.

Carrying out annual events within the school to collect and present gifts to children with disabilities and orphans.

Expected Result:

If these events are held in every school, in every kindergarten of our vast Motherland, then in a few years (yes, this is a long process, but it’s worth it) we, at that time already adults, will have a completely different attitude towards people with disabilities. limited capabilities. We will not perceive them as disabled, people different from us, point fingers at them or turn away. No, they should become our friends, acquaintances, members of society like us, with the opportunity to leave the house, have fun, play sports, go shopping and to various events, participate in social life and work.

IV Conclusion

Sport develops tolerance towards people with disabilities. I've looked at this through the Paralympic Games as well as the Special Games.

These competitions give them a chance to win recognition from society, to prove to themselves and the people around them that they can not only live with physical disabilities, but also enjoy life and rejoice in their sporting victories. Sports help us realize that disabled people are no different from ordinary people.

They amaze with their determination, zeal for victory, and love of life. Thus, sport contributes to the development of tolerance towards people with disabilities.

To summarize, it should be noted that the Paralympic Games are an amazing phenomenon in the life of human society. We may not fully understand their importance in the development of society. Of course, the participants in the games are heroes. A striking example of courage, fortitude and overcoming human weaknesses is the ability to live a full life, despite any troubles in life.

What conclusions did I draw for myself?

The Paralympic Games are a complex of various simple sports that were chosen specifically for people with disabilities. They want to be recognized for their achievements just like any other athletes. In these competitions, even people with the most severe physical disabilities can demonstrate their abilities in an environment where their disabilities do not matter.

The Paralympics are not an event for or for disabled people. This event is for everyone! For the sake of solidarity between those who are physically healthy and those whose capabilities are limited. This is a symbol of the fact that people with disabilities have access to such simple human joys as sports. Being physically limited, they are able to surprise healthy people with their outstanding strong-willed qualities, their strong spirit and desire to win. And these competitions are not a demonstration of tolerance, but a serious indicator of the level of humanity of relations between people and the development of universal human values. The moral state of society is determined by the attitude towards people with disabilities.

In the past, people did not pay so much attention to this sporting event, but now a lot is changing. Sport is a great way to help people with physical illness find the strength to move on with their lives. This discovery rightfully belongs to the British, who introduced this method of healing, if not the body, then at least the soul of a person in the middle of the last century. In our country, there is still only one sports and fitness center for the rehabilitation of disabled people, in Zelenograd, and others are only being planned!

From my point of view, the Paralympic Games are a very important event for all of us and people around the world, because every person must assert themselves. And of course people with disabilities deserve the chance to show their skills and abilities in an appropriate environment.

It is necessary to remember that a disabled person is a person just like us, only his life is much more difficult than ours, and our task is to remember this not only on the International Day of Persons with Disabilities. Remember and try to help if it is in our power. And their ability to fight, and not only for medals, shows us what we, people without limitations in our physical capabilities, must do in order to succeed in life.

Among the many established International Prizes, there is one unusual one - “For the will to live” (it bears the name of Alexey Maresyev). It seems to me that every Paralympic Games participant deserves this award.

The International Paralympic Committee can sponsor more than a hundred athletes from 35 countries. At the same time, the committee collects funds through its own efforts. In our country, there is still only one sports and fitness center for the rehabilitation of disabled people, in Zelenograd, and others are only being planned! So I hope and believe that after At the first Paralympic Games, which will be held in our country in Sochi in 2014, the situation will change for the better and the following will appear:

Every house has ramps and lifts so that people with disabilities can go down into the yard, and not spend their lives within four walls, in front of a TV screen!

Shops and various institutions have sliding doors and public areas adapted for the disabled;

Low-floor buses;

Sidewalk exits;

ATMs that are easy to reach while sitting in a stroller, etc.

Will appear in every city sports and fitness centers for the rehabilitation of disabled people.

And, of course, relationships between people must change. It is necessary to instill in children and adults feelings of humanity, tolerance, sensitivity and hospitality, to form a culture of communication between students and people with disabilities from childhood. We must be more attentive to others, stop hurting each other, follow traffic rules, and our attitude towards people with disabilities must “radically” change: we should not feel sorry for them, turn away from them, look with curiosity and hostility, this place should come:

Communication,

Mutual assistance

Friendship,

Being in the same team from early childhood.

Providing assistance to disabled people,

Carrying out joint holidays, evenings, walks, excursions with children with disabilities;

When you learn that people can not only survive, but also be leaders, you also want to be brave, strong, and decisive. And most importantly, in the most difficult moments of life, you just need to remember that you are a HUMAN, and prove it first of all to yourself.

A person is judged by his actions, so EACH OF US in this world must prove that he has the right to be called Human !

Faces shine, eyes glow!

What a joy it is to celebrate Victory!

And a tear glistens in my eyes:

What a joy it is to be the first in the world!

Overcome yourself and your illness,

Experience victories and defeats

And know that a true friend is nearby,

Although he is a rival in battle.

You defeated yourself, not him

At the cost of unimaginable efforts.

A worthy son of his country,

Worthy of Mother Russia.

List of used literature

Larshina N.V., Tolerance as a component of value systems in sports // Youth of the 21st century: tolerance as a way of worldview, N. Novgorod, 2001, ed. Z.H. Saralieva.

Aksenova M., Volodin V., Vilchek G. Encyclopedia for children. Sport. – M.: “Avanta+”, 2005.

Philosophy of sport (reader). St. Petersburg, 2005

Kozina A. It’s time – it’s time – let’s rejoice for our Paralympic athletes // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. TV week. 2006. No. 59.

Osipov K. Strong in spirit. Stars of the Russian Paralympic team. Publishing house "Amphora", Moscow, 2010

Emelyanov B.V., Russian philosophy under the sign of tolerance. Tolerance in modern civilization, Ekaterinburg, 2001

Lubysheva L.I. Sociology of physical culture and sports. M., 2001

Appendix No. 1

Questionnaire No. 1

Paralympic Games

1. Where and when were the first modern Paralympic Games held?

A) in Tel Aviv in 1968;

B) in Rome in 1960;

B) in Tokyo in 1964.

2. What place did Russia take in the team competition at the Summer Paralympic Games in London in 2012:

A) first

B) second

B) third

3. What do the three swirls on the Paralympic Games emblem symbolize:

A) Equality for all

B) Courage

B) Spirit in motion

4. Which of the presented sports are not Paralympic?

A) football;

B) figure skating;

B) swimming.

5. In what year will the XI Paralympic Games be held in Sochi?

A) 2014;

B) 2016;

In 2013.

6. Which of the presented sports is only Paralympic?

B) show jumping;

B) biathlon.

7. Who was the organizer and inspirer of the first major sports competitions for disabled people:

A) Baron Pierre de Coubertin

B) priest Henri Didon;

B) neurosurgeon Ludwig Gutmann

8. One of the most famous Paralympic champions of Russia:

A) Evgeni Plushenko;

B) Irek Zaripov;

B) Ilya Averbukh.

9) What colors are used in the Paralympic Games emblem:

A) Red, blue, green

B) Red, blue, yellow

B) Red, green, yellow

10) What mascot of the Winter Paralympic Games will be in Sochi:

A) the sun and the dolphin;

B) white bear;

B) a ray and a snowflake.

Appendix No. 2

Questionnaire No. 2

(Each question has only one correct answer)

Attitudes of schoolchildren towards people with disabilities

1) Do you often meet people with disabilities on the street, in public places:

2) Do you know anyone with disabilities?

3) Do you think that children with disabilities should study in specialized schools, separately from ordinary children:

4) Do we need to help people with disabilities?

5) Do you watch the Paralympic Games on TV:

6) What do you think: The Paralympic Games help people with disabilities feel more confident and happier:

Appendix No. 6

What feelings does a person with disabilities evoke in %

From the history of the Paralympic Games

The Paralympics - the Olympic Games for disabled people - are considered in the world to be almost as outstanding an event as the Olympics itself.

The emergence of sports in which disabled people can participate is associated with the name of the English neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttman, who, overcoming age-old stereotypes in relation to people with physical disabilities, introduced sports into the process of rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. He has proven in practice that sport for people with physical disabilities creates conditions for successful life, restores mental balance, and allows them to return to a full life, regardless of physical disabilities.

During World War II, at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, Ludwig Guttmann founded the Center for the Treatment of Spinal Injuries, where the first archery competitions for wheelchair athletes were held. It happened on July 28, 1948 - a group of disabled people, which consisted of 16 paralyzed men and women, former military personnel, picked up sports equipment for the first time in the history of sports.

In 1952, former Dutch soldiers joined the movement and founded the International Sports Federation for People with Musculoskeletal Disabilities.

In 1956, Ludwig Guttmann developed an athletes' charter and formed the basis on which sports for the disabled subsequently developed.

In 1960, under the auspices of the World Federation of Military Personnel, an International Working Group was created that studied the problems of sports for the disabled.

In 1960, the first International Competition for Disabled People was held in Rome. 400 disabled athletes from 23 countries took part in them.

In 1964, the International Sports Organization for Disabled Persons was created, which was joined by 16 countries.

In 1964, competitions in 7 sports were held in Tokyo, and it was then that the flag was officially raised for the first time, the anthem was played and the official emblem of the games was unveiled. The graphic symbol of the world Paralympic movement has become red, blue and green hemispheres, which symbolize the mind, body, and unbroken spirit.

In 1972, more than a thousand disabled people from 44 countries took part in the competition in Toronto. Only wheelchair athletes participated, and since 1976, athletes with spinal injuries were joined by athletes of other injury groups - visually impaired and people who had amputated limbs.

With each subsequent games, the number of participants increased, the geography of countries expanded, and the number of sports increased. And in 1982, a body appeared that contributed to the expansion of the Paralympic Games - the International Coordinating Committee of the World Organization for Sports for the Disabled. Ten years later, in 1992, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) became its successor. Currently, the International Paralympic Committee includes 162 countries.

Sports for people with disabilities has gained worldwide significance. The achievements of athletes with physical disabilities are amazing. Sometimes they came close to Olympic records. In fact, there is not a single sport left, known and popular, in which disabled athletes did not take part. The number of Paralympic disciplines is steadily expanding.

In 1988, at the Seoul Games, disabled athletes received the right of access to sports facilities in the host city of the Olympics. It was from this time that competitions began to be held in the same arenas in which healthy Olympians compete, regularly every four years, after the Olympic Games.

Paralympic sports
(Based on materials from the site http://www.paralympic.ru)

Archery. The first organized competitions were held in 1948 in England in the city of Mandeville. Today, the traditions of these games are continued in regular competitions, in which wheelchair users also take part. Women's and men's sports categories have been introduced in this type of martial arts. The outstanding results achieved by disabled athletes in this sport indicate the significant potential of this type of competition. The International Paralympic Games program includes singles, doubles and team competitions, with judging and scoring procedures identical to those used at the Olympic Games.

Athletics. The athletics program of the Paralympic Games includes a wide range of types of competitions. It entered the program of the International Paralympic Games in 1960. Athletes with a wide variety of health conditions take part in track and field competitions. Competitions are held for wheelchair users, prosthetists, and the blind. Moreover, the latter act in conjunction with the suggestive one. Typically, the track and field program includes track, throw, jumping, pentathlon and marathon. Athletes compete according to their functional classifications.

Cycling. This sport is one of the newest in the history of Paralympism. In the early eighties, competitions were held for the first time in which athletes with visual impairments took part. However, already in 1984, paralyzed athletes and amputees also competed at the International Games for the Disabled. Until 1992, Paralympic cycling competitions were held separately for each of the listed groups. At the Paralympic Games in Barcelona, cyclists of all three groups competed on a special track and also on a track. Cycling competitions can be either individual or group (a group of three cyclists from one country). Athletes with intellectual disabilities compete using standard racing bicycles and, in some classes, tricycles. Athletes with visual impairments compete on tandem bicycles paired with a sighted teammate. They also race on the track. Finally, amputees and motor-impaired cyclists compete in individual events on specially prepared bicycles.

Dressage. Equestrian competitions are open to paralytics, amputees, blind and visually impaired persons, and mental retardation. This type of competition is held at the Summer Games. Equestrian competitions are held only in the individual class. Athletes demonstrate their skills by completing a short segment in which the pace and direction of movement alternate. At the Paralympic Games, athletes are grouped according to a separate classification. Within these groups, the winners who demonstrate the best results are identified.

Fencing. All athletes compete in wheelchairs that are fixed to the floor. However, these chairs allow fencers considerable freedom of movement, and their actions are as fast-paced as in traditional competitions. The founder of wheelchair fencing is considered to be Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who formulated the concept of this sport in 1953. Fencing became part of the Paralympic Games in 1960. Since then, the rules have been improved - they were amended to require wheelchairs to be secured to the floor.

Judo. The only way Paralympic judo differs from traditional judo is the different textures on the mats, indicating the competition area and zones. Paralympic judokas compete for the main prize - a gold medal, and the rules of the game are identical to the rules of the International Judo Federation. Judo was included in the 1988 Paralympic Games. Four years later, at the games in Barcelona, 53 athletes representing 16 countries took part in this type of competition.

Weightlifting (powerlifting). The starting point for the development of this Paralympic sport is considered to be the holding of the 1992 Paralympic Games in Barcelona. Then 25 countries presented their sports delegations to weightlifting competitions. The number more than doubled at the 1996 Atlanta Games. 58 participating countries were registered. Since 1996, the number of participating countries has steadily increased, and today 109 countries on five continents take part in the Paralympic weightlifting program. Today, the Paralympic weightlifting program includes the participation of all groups of disabled people who compete in 10 weight categories, both male and female. Women first took part in these competitions in 2000 at the Sydney Paralympics. Then women represented 48 countries of the world.

Shooting. Shooting competitions are divided into rifle and pistol classes. The rules for competitions for the disabled are established by the International Shooting Committee for the Disabled. These rules take into account the differences that exist between the capabilities of an able-bodied person and a disabled person at the level of using the functional classification system, which allows athletes with different health conditions to compete in team and individual competitions.

Football. The main prize of these competitions is a gold medal, and only men's teams take part in them. FIFA rules apply with some restrictions taking into account the health characteristics of athletes. For example, the offside rule does not apply, the field and goal itself are smaller than in traditional football, and a throw-in from the sideline can be done with one hand. Teams must have a minimum of 11 players on their roster.

Swimming. This sports program comes from the traditions of physical therapy and rehabilitation of the disabled. Swimming is available to disabled people of all groups of functional limitations; the only condition is a ban on the use of prostheses and other assistive devices.

Table tennis. In this sport, players are primarily required to have well-developed technique and quick reactions. Therefore, athletes use generally accepted methods of play, despite their physical limitations. Table tennis competitions at the Paralympic Games are held in two forms - in wheelchair competitions and in traditional form. The program includes both individual and team competitions for men and women. The classification for this sport consists of 10 functional groups, which include athletes with various disabilities. Paralympic table tennis competitions are governed by rules issued by the International Table Tennis Federation, with minor modifications.

Wheelchair basketball. The main governing body in this sport is the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF), which develops classifications for players of various degrees of disability. The IWBF rules govern the judging order and the height of the basket, which are similar to the traditional game. Although wheelchair basketball has many similarities to traditional basketball, it is characterized by its own unique style of play: defense and offense must be carried out in accordance with the principles of support and mutual assistance. Unique dribbling rules that allow you to organize the movement of wheelchairs across the field give the attack a special, unique style. So it can involve two attackers and three defenders at once, which gives it greater speed. Unlike the traditional game, where the main style of play is "back to the basket", when playing wheelchair basketball, the forwards play "facing the basket", constantly moving forward.

Wheelchair rugby. Wheelchair rugby combines elements of basketball, football and ice hockey, and is played on a basketball court. Teams consist of 4 players, plus up to eight substitutes. The classification of players is based on their physical capabilities, based on which each player is assigned a certain number of points from 0.5 to 3.5. The total number of points in a team should not exceed 8.0. The game uses a volleyball ball that can be carried or passed by hand. The ball cannot be held for more than 10 seconds. Points are scored after hitting the opponent's goal line. The game consists of four periods, each lasting 8 minutes.

Wheelchair tennis. Wheelchair tennis first appeared in the Paralympic program in 1992. The sport itself originated in the USA in the early 1970s and continues to improve today. The rules of the game actually repeat the rules of traditional tennis and, naturally, require similar skills from athletes. The only difference is that players are allowed two outs, with the first being within the boundaries of the court. To gain access to play, an athlete must be medically diagnosed with mobility limitations. The Paralympic Games program includes singles and doubles events. In addition to the Paralympic Games, tennis players compete in numerous national tournaments. At the end of each calendar year, the International Tennis Federation reviews quotations provided by NEC, national quotations and other relevant information to identify contenders for the championship title.

Volleyball. The Paralympic Volleyball Championships are held in two categories: sitting and standing. Thus, athletes with all functional limitations can take part in the Paralympic Games. The high level of teamwork, skill, strategy and intensity is certainly evident in both categories of competition. The main difference between traditional volleyball and the Paralympic version of the game is the smaller court size and lower net position.

Cross-country skiing. Skiers compete in classic or freestyle skiing and also in individual and team competitions over distances from 2.5 to 20 km. Depending on their functional limitations, competitors use either traditional skis or a chair equipped with a pair of skis. Blind athletes ride together with a sighted guide.

Hockey. The Paralympic version of ice hockey made its debut at the Games in 1994 and has since become one of the most spectacular sporting events on the program. As in traditional ice hockey, six players (including the goalkeeper) from each team are on the field at a time. The sleds are equipped with skate blades, and players navigate the field using iron-tipped sticks. The game consists of three periods lasting 15 minutes.

The development of sports for people with disabilities has a history of more than a century. Back in the 18th and 19th centuries. It has been established that physical activity is one of the main factors in the rehabilitation of disabled people.

The first attempts to involve disabled people in sports were made in the 19th century, when, in 1888, the first sports club for the deaf was formed in Berlin. First " Olympic Games for the Deaf ” were held in Paris on August 10-17, 1924. They were attended by athletes - representatives of the official national federations of Belgium, Great Britain, Holland, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia. Athletes from Italy, Romania and Hungary, which did not have such federations, arrived at the Games. The Games program included competitions in athletics, cycling, football, shooting and swimming.

The International Sports Committee for the Deaf (ISDC) was formed on August 16, 1924. It included federations that unite athletes with hearing impairments. At the first congress of the ISKG, which took place in Brussels on October 31, 1926, the Charter of this organization was adopted. However, since 1924, the ICD has held the World Deaf Games in the summer every four years. Before the start of the Second World War, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Austria, the USA and Japan joined it.

In 1949, Spain and Yugoslavia joined them. The International Winter Games of the Deaf are organized and held. The competition program for athletes with hearing impairments and the rules for conducting them are identical to the usual ones. The peculiarity is that the actions of the arbitrators must be visible. For this purpose, for example, lights are used in starting signals. A positive factor that simplifies the organization of competitions is the use by athletes of the international dactylological system, which allows them to freely communicate with each other without translators.

Disabled people with injuries to the musculoskeletal system began to actively participate in sports only after the Second World War. In 1944, at the Center for the Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Injuries in Stoke Mandeville A sports program was developed as a mandatory part of complex treatment. Its creator, professor Ludwig Guttmann , eventually became director of the Stoke Mandeville Center and president of the British International Organization for the Treatment of Disabled People with Musculoskeletal Disabilities.

In subsequent years, not only the number of participants increased, but also the number of sports. The idea of holding competitions for disabled people was supported by the international community. The Games have become an annual international sports festival, and since 1952, disabled athletes from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Norway have regularly taken part in them. The lack of a necessary governing body that would coordinate and determine the direction of development of competitions for disabled people led to the creation of the International Stoke Mandeville Federation, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). During the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956, the IOC awarded the Stoke Mandeville International Federation a special cup for realizing the Olympic ideals of humanism. Gradually, the world became convinced that sports were not the prerogative of healthy people. Disabled people, even with such serious injuries as spinal damage, can take part in competitions if they wish.

SUMMER PARALYMPIC GAMES

First Paralympic Games took place in the Italian capital Rome in 1960. The opening ceremony of the Games took place on September 18 at the AquaAcetosa stadium, where five thousand spectators were present. 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the competition. The delegation of Italian athletes was the largest. The program of the Roman Games included eight sports, including athletics, swimming, fencing, basketball, archery, table tennis, etc. Medals were awarded in 57 disciplines. Athletes with spinal cord injuries took part in the competition. At these Games, outstanding results were shown by F. Rossi from Italy (fencing), D. Thomson from Great Britain (athletics), etc. First place at the Games in the unofficial team competition was taken by Italy, second and third places were shared by Great Britain and the USA. Summing up, L. Guttman defined “the significance of the Roman Games as a new model for the integration of the paralyzed into society.”

In II Paralympic Games (Tokyo, Japan, 1964) 390 athletes from 22 countries took part. Teams from Great Britain (70 people) and the USA (66 people) were represented by the largest number of athletes. New sports were included in the Games program, in particular, wheelchair riding, weightlifting and discus throwing. 144 medals were awarded. In terms of the number of medals won, the clear leaders in the unofficial team event were US athletes. Teams from Great Britain and Italy took second and third places.
A significant event of the Games was their renaming to “ Paralympic " Paralympic attributes (flag, anthem and symbol) were used for the first time at the competition, and after the competition, many disabled athletes from Japan were employed.

IN III Paralympic Games (Tel Aviv, Israel, 1968) 750 athletes from 29 countries participated. Compared to the competitions in Tokyo, the Games program has expanded significantly. Classification changes have been introduced in competitions in some sports, for example, basketball, swimming and athletics.

R. Marson from Italy became the hero of the Games in Israel. Having won two gold medals in athletics in Tokyo (1964), the athlete was actively involved in swimming and fencing. At the Games in Tel Aviv, R. Marson won 9 gold medals in three sports. Athlete L. Dod from Australia set three world records in swimming in one day. E. Owen from the USA won 7 medals of various denominations in several sports. At the end of the 1968 Paralympic Games, the United States topped the unofficial team standings. Paralympians from Great Britain came second, and Israel came third.

IN IV Paralympic Games (Heidelberg, Germany, 1972) 1000 athletes from 44 countries participated. The largest delegations are represented by Germany, Great Britain and France. New sports and disciplines have been introduced into the competition program for athletes of various disability groups: goalball, 100 m running for athletes with visual impairments, etc. During the Games, several world records were set, in particular in swimming, where special technical means were used for the first time. American and German athletes won the largest number of medals. Athletes from the Republic of South Africa (RSA) took the third unofficial team place, far behind the leaders.

IN V Paralympic Games (Toronto, Canada, 1976) 1,600 athletes (253 of them women) from 42 countries participated. As a sign of protest against the participation of South African athletes in them, representatives of some countries did not come to the Games. For the first time, 261 amputee athletes and 167 visually impaired athletes competed in Paralympic competitions.

The competition program has been significantly expanded - wheelchair riding for 200, 400, 800 and 1500 m. In terms of the number of medals in the unofficial team event, US athletes won the first team place by a large margin from other countries. The second and third places were taken by the teams of the Netherlands and Israel.

The opening ceremony VI Paralympic Games (Anchem, the Netherlands, 1980) took place at the Papendal stadium in the presence of 12 thousand spectators. 2,500 athletes from 42 countries took part in the competition. The expanded classification of disabled athletes made it possible to compete for more than 3 thousand medals. For the first time, the program of the Paralympic Games included sitting volleyball, as well as competitions for four groups of athletes with disabilities. Goalball for athletes with visual impairments has become a Paralympic sport. An International Coordination Committee has been formed for the Games. The first, second and third places in the unofficial team competition were taken, respectively, by the teams of the USA, Germany and Canada.

VII Paralympic Games 1984 took place in America and Europe: 1,780 athletes from 41 countries competed in New York and 2,300 representatives from 45 countries in Stoke Mandeville. 900 medals were awarded at the Games. Funding came from public and private sources. A significant part of the subsidies is provided through the information agency by the US government. The main media representatives were the BBC, Dutch, German and Swedish television.
More than 80 thousand spectators watched the competitions in 13 sports in New York. Representatives of each disability group showed significant results at the Games. As a result, the US team won 276 medals, taking first place in the unofficial team event, and the British athletes took second place with 240 medals. In Stoke Mandeville, competitions were held in 10 sports. A large number of world and Paralympic records have been set, especially in athletics. The Paralympic Games in Stoke Mandeville, despite the short period of preparation (4 months), were a significant success. The competition organizers agreed on the need for athletes from all four disability groups to participate in the Paralympic Games.

On VIII Paralympic Games (Seoul, South Korea, 1988) a record number of athletes arrived - 3053 representatives from 61 countries. Participated in the Games for the first time USSR team . Athletes, coaches and technical staff were housed in a specially equipped village, which included 10 residential buildings with 1,316 apartments. International Coordinating Committee President James Brohman proposed a new Paralympic flag for the Games. The program included 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis is presented as a demonstration sport. In Seoul, individual athletes won several medals in different sports. First place in the unofficial team event was taken by the US team (268 medals), second by Germany (189 medals), and third by Great Britain (179 medals).

The opening ceremony IX Paralympic Games (Barcelona, Spain, 1992) took place on September 3 at the Olympic Stadium. It was attended by 65 thousand spectators; 90 delegations took part in the ceremonial parade. The Olympic Village housed approximately 3,000 athletes and thousands of coaches, officials and managers. All necessary types of medical care were organized for the athletes.

Over 12 days, athletes competed in 15 sports. During the Games, about 1.5 million spectators attended various competitions. 3,020 athletes participated in the Games, approximately 50% of the total number of athletes competed in swimming and athletics. 279 world records were set and 431 gold medals were awarded. After the Paralympic Games in Barcelona, competitions were held in Madrid for athletes with intellectual disabilities.

On X Paralympic Games (Atlanta, USA, 1996) 3,195 athletes (2,415 men and 780 women) and 1,717 representatives of delegations from 103 countries arrived. From August 16 to 25, competitions were held in 20 sports, of which 3 were demonstration sports. For the first time, 56 athletes with mental disabilities participated in athletics and swimming competitions. The games were held at a high organizational level. About 400,000 spectators attended the competition. Approximately 60 thousand spectators were present at the opening and closing of the Games. The competition was covered in the media by 2,088 accredited journalists, of which: 721 in newspapers and magazines, 806 on radio and television, 114 in photographs.

IN XI Paralympic Games In 2000, 3,843 athletes from 127 countries, 2,000 officials, 1,300 media representatives, 1,000 technical workers, 2,500 guests from the International and National Committees and 10 thousand volunteers participated. The most representative teams in terms of the number of participating athletes were the teams of Australia (303), USA (288), Germany (262), Spain (224), Great Britain (219), Canada (172), France (158), Japan (157), Poland (114) and Holland (105). Russia was represented by 90 athletes. Of the sports, the most representative in terms of the number of athletes who entered the competition were: athletics - 1043 athletes, swimming - 570, powerlifting - 278, table tennis - 270, wheelchair basketball - 240, road cycling - 177, track cycling -152, sitting volleyball - 140, shooting - 139, goalball - 116. Russian athletes took part in 10 sports: athletics (22 athletes), swimming (20), basketball for athletes with intellectual disabilities (12), powerlifting (11), football (11), judo (b), shooting (5), equestrian (1), tennis (1), table tennis (1) and took overall team 14th place out of 125 participating countries.

XII Paralympic Games took place in Athens (Greece) from September 17 to September 28, 2004. . 3,800 athletes from 136 countries competed for Paralympic medals over 11 days. Russian team won 16 gold, 8 silver and 17 bronze medals at the Paralympic Games in Athens, finishing 11th in the team event. The final victory was won by Chinese athletes with disabilities, who won a total of 141 medals (63 of which were of the highest order). The UK team is in second place, and Canada is in third place.

Beijing XIII Paralympics (China. 6-17 09. 2008) became one of the most representative in the history of the Paralympic movement. More than 4 thousand athletes took part in it. 148 countries were represented at the Games. The largest team was China - 332 Paralympians. Russia brought 145 athletes to China, four leaders who run ahead of blind athletes and one reserve athlete to participate in rowing. The largest number of Russian athletes are track and field athletes (39 people) and swimmers (34), 25% of the team members have visual impairments, 75% have musculoskeletal impairments, including 16 wheelchair users.

Following the results of the Games, the Russian team won 63 medals (18 gold, 23 silver and 22 bronze), taking eighth place in the team event. In terms of the total number of medals, our compatriots managed to enter the top six. In total, Russians competed in 13 out of 20 sports. In addition to athletics and swimming, six awards were won in judo (1-0-5 - 7th place in the team event), six - in shooting (2-1-3 - 3rd place), four - in powerlifting (0 -4-0 – 8th place), two – in table tennis (1-1-0 – 7th place), one each in football (0-1-0 – 3rd place) and in volleyball ( 0-0-1 – 5th place).

In the overall team competition, the Chinese team won an unconditional victory, winning 211 medals - 89 gold, 70 silver, 52 bronze. The British came second (42-29-31), who were tensed until the last day by the Americans, who still finished third (36-35-28). The top six also included the teams of Ukraine (24-18-32), Australia (23-29-27) and South Africa (21-3-6).

XIV Paralympic Games took place in London (Great Britain) from August 29 to September 9, 2012. These are the largest competitions in the entire history of the Paralympic movement: more than 4,200 athletes from 166 countries took part in 20 sports, and 503 sets of medals were awarded.
The Russian Federation team included 162 athletes with disabilities (musculoskeletal disorders, hearing impairment, mental disorders) from 42 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (the official delegation included 313 people). Russian athletes competed in 12 sports and won 36 gold, 38 silver and 28 bronze medals, taking 2nd overall team place in the unofficial competition.

Representatives of China became the first, they climbed to the highest step of the podium 95 times, 71 to the second and 65 to the third. The hosts of the competition took third place - the British team won 120 medals - 34 gold, 43 silver and the same amount of bronze. The top ten strongest countries in the world also included Ukraine (32, 24, 28), Australia (32, 23, 30), USA (31, 29, 38), Brazil (21, 14, 8), Germany (18, 26, 22 ), Poland (14, 13, 9) and the Netherlands (10, 10, 19).

WINTER PARALYMPIC GAMES

First Winter Paralympic Games took place in 1976 in Ornskoldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for amputees and visually impaired athletes were organized on the track and in the field. For the first time, sleigh racing competitions were demonstrated.

The successful holding of the first Winter Games made it possible to organize second Paralympic competition in 1980 in Geilo (Norway). Downhill sledding was held as a demonstration performance. Athletes of all disability groups took part in the Paralympic competitions.

III Winter Paralympic Games were held in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1984. For the first time, 30 men on three skis took part in giant slalom.

In 1988 IV Winter Paralympic Games again held in Innsbruck (Austria). 397 athletes from 22 countries took part in the competition. Arrived at the Games for the first time athletes from the USSR. Sit skiing competitions were introduced into the Games program.

In 1992 V Winter Paralympic Games were held in Tignes, Albertville, France. Competitions were held only in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and biathlon. USSR athletes competed under a unified flag. For the first time, athletes with ODA violations took part in the Paralympics. The national team took third place at the games in the team competition. The skiers performed most successfully, winning 10 gold, 8 silver and 3 bronze medals.

VI Winter Paralympic Games were held in 1994 in Lillehammer (Norway). Approximately 1,000 athletes lived in the village, where there were special technical facilities for the disabled. At the Games, sit-hockey competitions were demonstrated for the first time. The Paralympic version of hockey has proven popular. Cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place at the local ski stadium. The Russians performed successfully at the games. Alexey Moshkin won gold and bronze in alpine skiing disciplines. Our skiers have 10 gold, 12 silver and 8 bronze medals in racing (3 team events), one gold and two silver in biathlon, bronze in the men's relay.

VII Winter Paralympic Games were held for the first time on the Asian continent - in Nagano (Japan). 1146 people took part in the Games. (571 athletes and 575 officials) from 32 countries. Over the course of 10 days, medals were played out in 5 sports: alpine skiing, speed skating, cross-country skiing, biathlon and hockey. Athletes from 22 countries stood on the podium at these games. For the first time, ID skiers participated in the Paralympics. Norwegian athletes repeated the success of the previous Games and in the unofficial standings took first place as a team (18 gold medals), Germany took second (14 gold medals), and the United States took third (13 gold medals). Our team was fifth, winning 12 gold, 10 silver and 9 bronze medals.

VIII Winter Paralympic Games , Salt Lake City (USA, Utah), March 7-16, 2002
36 teams – 416 athletes – took part in the Games. Athletes from China, Andorra, Chile, Greece and Hungary arrived for the first time. The US team was the largest - 57 people. The Japanese team is in second place with 37 athletes. The teams of Germany, Canada and Norway each had 27 athletes. Russia was represented by 26 athletes. Athletes from 22 countries won medals of various denominations. In the unofficial team competition, the Russian team took 5th place, winning a total of 21 medals - 7 gold, 9 silver and 5 bronze. Our skiers won 7 gold medals, 8 silver and 3 bronze medals, losing only to the Norwegians.

IX Paralympic Games , Turin (Italy), 10 - 19.03.06. 486 athletes from 39 countries took part in the Games. They competed for 58 sets of medals in five disciplines - alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, hockey and curling. The Russian team confidently won the medal standings at the Paralympics. Domestic athletes have won 13 gold, 13 silver and 7 bronze medals.

X Paralympic Games , Vancouver (Canada), 12 - 21.03.2010. 650 athletes from more than 40 countries took part in the Games. 64 sets of medals of various denominations were played in 5 sports. The Russian team came second in the team competition, winning 38 medals – 12 gold, 16 silver and 10 bronze. The German team won due to the greater number of gold medals (13-5-6). The third place was taken by the Canadian team (10-5-4), fourth by Slovakia (6-2-3), fifth by Ukraine (5-8-6), sixth by the USA (4-5-4). In terms of the total number of awards, the Russians confidently took first place, updating the national record at the Paralympics (38). Previously, our compatriots have not won more than 33 awards. The second in the overall medal ranking was the German team (24), third were the Canadians and Ukrainians (19 each).

At the end of the Paralympic Games in biathlon, the Russians won the overall team victory, winning five gold, seven silver and four bronze medals. The top three included teams from Ukraine (3-3-4) and Germany (3-0-2). In cross-country skiing, the Russians also celebrated victory (7-9-6), leaving behind the Canadians (3-1-1) and the Germans (3-1-0). In alpine skiing, the German national team took precedence (7-4-4), and the top three included the teams of Canada (6-4-3) and Slovakia (6-2-3). In hockey, the top three are the USA (1-0-0), Japan (0-1-0) and Norway (0-0-1), in curling – Canada (1-0-0), South Korea (0-1 -0) and Sweden (0-0-1).

The most titled Russian at the Paralympics was Irek Zaripov, who won four golds and one silver in cross-country skiing and biathlon. Kirill Mikhalov has three gold medals, Anna Burmistrova and Sergei Shilov have two each. The most titled athletes of the Games should be recognized as the Canadian alpine skier Lauren Wolstencroft and the German skier and biathlete Verena Bentele, who achieved a unique achievement - five victories in the five events in which they competed.

XI Paralympic Games. Sochi (Russia), 0 7 - 16. 03 2014 . 610 athletes (including 63 leading athletes) from 45 countries took part in the games. These Games were a record in terms of the number of countries represented and the number of participants. Russian Paralympians took part in the sledge hockey and wheelchair curling competitions for the first time.

The Russian sports delegation consisted of 197 people, including 67 athletes, 11 athletes leading blind sports, 119 coaches, specialists, doctors, massage therapists, employees of complex scientific groups, lubricants accompanying athletes with severe disabilities, prosthetic repair mechanics, etc. - This is the largest Russian delegation in the entire history of the national team’s participation in the Paralympic Winter Games.

The 2014 Games program includes new disciplines: short-distance biathlon (6 sets of medals) and Paralympic snowboard cross (2 sets of medals).

The Russian Paralympic team has won the maximum number of medals in its history of participation in the Paralympic Winter Games since 1994.

In terms of the total number of medals won, Russian athletes set a record that surpassed the achievement of the Austrians at the 1984 Paralympic Games in Innsbruck (70 medals, including 34 gold, 19 silver, 17 bronze).

The six-time winner of the 2014 Paralympic Winter Games was Roman Petushkov from Moscow in the biathlon disciplines: 7.5 km, 12.5 km, 15 km; cross-country skiing: 15 km, sprint, open relay among men with disabilities of the musculoskeletal system, competing while sitting.

Three-time winners of the Games were:
Lysova Mikhalina (cross-country skiing: sprint; biathlon: 6 km, 10 km - among women with visual impairments), who also won three Paralympic silver medals;
Alena Kaufman (cross-country skiing: mixed relay; biathlon: 6 km, 10 km – among women with musculoskeletal disorders, competing standing), who also won a silver and bronze medal at the Games;
Elena Remizova (cross-country skiing: 15 km, 5 km, mixed relay among women with visual impairments), who also won a silver medal.

In addition, 5 Russian athletes became champions of the Paralympic Games: Yulia Budaleeva, Azat Karachurin, Kirill Mikhailov, Grigory Murygin, Alexander Pronkov.

For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Winter Games, Russian alpine skiers Alexandra Frantseva and Valery Redkozubov (with visual impairment), as well as Alexey Bugaev (with a musculoskeletal impairment, standing) became champions in slalom and super combination.

For the first time in the history of the Paralympic Games, the Russian national sledge hockey team and the Russian national wheelchair curling team won silver medals.

Our biathletes achieved particular success, winning 12 gold medals out of a possible 18. After an extremely weak performance at the 2010 Paralympic Winter Games in Vancouver, the alpine skiers performed brilliantly, winning first overall team place and 16 medals.

Evgeny Gik, Ekaterina Gupalo.

The history of the Olympic Games is well known to many. Unfortunately, the Paralympic, or, as they say, Paralympic, games are much less known - the Olympiads for people with physical disabilities and disabilities. Meanwhile, in 2010 it will be half a century since they were held.

Founder of the Paralympic movement Ludwig Guttmann.

Although Liz Hartel failed to win gold, she rightfully takes her place among the heroes of the Olympics.

Cycling competitions.

Tennis competition among wheelchair athletes.

The founder of the Paralympic movement, the outstanding neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann (1899-1980), was born in Germany. For a long time he worked in a hospital in Breslau. In 1939 he emigrated to England. His medical talent was obvious and soon appreciated: on behalf of the British government in 1944, he opened and headed the Spinal Cord Injury Center at the hospital in the small town of Stoke Mandeville, 74 km from London. Using his methods, Guttman helped many soldiers wounded in the battles of World War II return to normal life after severe wounds and injuries. An important place in these methods was given to sports.

It was in Stoke Mandeville in 1948 that Ludwig Guttmann held an archery competition among wheelchair athletes - the Olympic Games were opening in London at the same time. In 1952, again simultaneously with the next Olympics, he organized the first international competition with the participation of 130 disabled athletes from England and Holland. And in 1956, for organizing the next major competitions for people with disabilities, Guttman received an award from the International Olympic Committee - the Fernley Cup for his contribution to the development of the Olympic movement.

Guttman's persistence was crowned with success. Immediately after the 1960 Olympics, the first summer Paralympic Games took place in Rome, and since 1976, winter games have also been held regularly.

For outstanding services in saving people from physical and mental illnesses, helping to restore their sense of civic fullness and dignity, Guttman received a knighthood and the highest award - the Order of the British Empire.

Of course, all of them - Paralympic athletes - are heroes because they did not accept the fate prepared by fate. They broke it and won. And it doesn’t matter at all whether their victory is crowned with an official award. But first, it’s worth remembering the predecessors of modern Paralympic heroes.

George Acer (USA). He was born in 1871 in Germany, the birthplace of gymnastics - perhaps that is why he chose this sport, continuing to practice it in the USA, where his family emigrated. Achieved the first successes and - tragedy. I got hit by a train and lost my left leg. Using a wooden prosthesis, he continued to prepare for the Olympic Games, which were to be held in his city of St. Louis.

And when they took place, Eiser, a gymnast on a wooden prosthesis, won gold medals in exercises on the uneven bars, in the vault and in rope climbing. In addition, he won silver medals on seven apparatuses and bronze on the horizontal bar.

Oliver Halassi (Hungary)- silver medalist of the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, Olympic champion of the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles and the pre-war Olympics in Berlin of 1936. As a child, he lost his leg below the knee when he was hit by a car. He categorically refused to recognize himself as disabled, training in swimming and water polo.

In 1931, Oliver became the European champion in 1500 m swimming, and in 1931, 1934 and 1938, as part of the Hungarian team, he won the
won the title of European champion in water polo. He was the champion of his country in swimming 25 times (!) - at distances from 400 to 1500 m.

In our country, Oliver Halassi is almost unknown; there is no information about him in sports books. The reason is that in 1946 he died at the hands of a Soviet Army soldier. According to one version, the athlete tried to stop the looters near his home. A few days later, his wife gave birth to their third child.

Károly Takás (Hungary)(1910-1976). Olympic champion in London 1948 and Helsinki 1952. Takash was a military man, but in 1938 his army career was cut short by a defective grenade ruptured in his right hand.

Károly quickly relearned how to shoot with his left hand: the very next year after the tragedy - in 1939 - he became the world champion as part of the Hungarian team. At the 1948 Olympics in London, Takash amazed everyone by winning gold in his signature event - shooting from 25 m with a rapid-fire pistol. Before the fight, Argentinean Carlos Diaz Valente, who was considered the favorite in this event, asked Takash, not without irony, why he came to the Olympics. Takash answered briefly: “To study.” During the award ceremony, Carlos, who took second place on the podium, sincerely admitted to him: “You learned well.”

Takash repeated his success at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics; he was the first two-time champion in the history of the Olympic Games. He also performed at the following games, but failed to become the champion of three Olympiads in a row.

Ildiko Uylaki-Reito (Hungary)(born in 1937). Participant in five Olympiads, two-time champion of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, winner of seven medals. The famous fencer, one of the strongest in the history of sports fencing, was born deaf. The physical deficiency was compensated by an incredible reaction. She started fencing at the age of 15. The coaches, who immediately appreciated the girl’s amazing talent, communicated with her in writing, conveying instructions through notes.

Ildiko's favorite weapon was the rapier. In 1956 she became the world champion among juniors, a year later she won the Hungarian adult championship, and in 1963 she became the world champion. At her first Olympic Games in Rome 1960, she won a silver medal in the team competition, and in Tokyo 1964 she rose to the top of her career: two golds, in the individual and team competition. At the next two Olympics she won four more medals - two silver and two bronze. In 1999, Ildiko became the world champion among veterans.

Liz Hartel (Denmark)(1921-2009). Silver medalist at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki and the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne (Stockholm). Hartel has loved horses since childhood and was passionate about dressage. However, after the birth of her daughter, she fell ill with polio and was partially paralyzed. But she didn’t give up her favorite sport and rode beautifully, although she couldn’t get into the saddle and leave it without help.

Until 1952, only men were allowed to participate in the Olympic Games in equestrian sports, mostly military men. But the rules were changed, and women received the right to compete in equestrian tournaments at any level on an equal basis with men. At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, four women competed in dressage. Liz won a silver medal and became the first female Olympic medalist in equestrian competition. At the 1956 Games she repeated her success.

Liz Hartel lived a bright, eventful life. She raised two children, was involved in coaching and charity work, and founded special therapeutic equestrian schools in different countries. The therapeutic and rehabilitation direction of equestrian sport - hippotherapy - thanks to it, is popular all over the world.

Sir Murray Hallberg (New Zealand)(born 1933) In his youth, Halberg played rugby and was seriously injured during one of his matches. Despite extensive treatment, his left arm remained paralyzed. Murray took up running and within three years became the national champion. At the 1960 Olympics in Rome, he won the 5000 m and was fifth in the 10,000 m. Murray set four world records in 1961, and in 1962 became a two-time Commonwealth Games three-mile champion. He ended his career at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, where he finished seventh in the 10,000 m. After leaving sports, Halberg became actively involved in charity work. The Halberg Trust helps disabled child athletes.

In 1988, Halberg received a knighthood, and in 2008, the country's highest honor, the Order of New Zealand. The Halberg Awards are presented annually to New Zealand's most successful athletes.

Terry Fox (Canada)(1958-1981) - national hero of the country. He did not participate in the Paralympic Games, but inspired the exploits of many Paralympic athletes. After losing his leg at age 18 after cancer-related surgery, three years later he ran the “Marathon of Hope” around his country using a prosthetic leg, raising money for cancer research. In 143 days he covered more than 5000 km.

CHRONICLE OF THE SUMMER PARALYMPICS

I Summer Games (Rome, 1960)

The first ever Paralympic Games were opened by the wife of former Italian President Carla Gronchi, and Pope John XXIII received the participants in the Vatican. Only wheelchair athletes who had suffered a spinal cord injury participated in the Games. Archery, athletics, basketball, fencing, table tennis, swimming, as well as darts and billiards were represented.

II Summer Games (Tokyo, 1964)

The Games were able to be held in Japan thanks to the established connections between Japanese medical specialists and the Stoke Mandeville Ludwig Guttmann Center. Wheelchair races appeared in athletics: individual 60 m and relay races.

III Summer Games (Tel Aviv, 1968)

The Games were to be held in Mexico City immediately after the 1968 Olympics. But the Mexicans abandoned the Paralympics two years earlier, citing technical difficulties. Israel came to the rescue, organizing the competition at a high level. The main character was the Italian Roberto Marson, who won nine gold medals - three each in athletics, swimming and fencing.

IV Summer Games (Heidelberg, 1972)

This time the Games were held in the same country as the Olympics, but in a different city - the organizers rushed to sell the Olympic village for private apartments. For the first time, athletes with visual disabilities participated, they competed in the 100 m race. Goalball also appeared for them - for now as a demonstration event.

V Summer Games (Toronto, 1976)

For the first time, amputee athletes competed. The largest number of program types - 207 - were in athletics. Unusual competitions also appeared - wheelchair slalom and kicking a soccer ball for distance and accuracy. The hero was 18-year-old Canadian Arnie Bold, who lost his leg at the age of three. He showed an amazing technique for jumping on one leg: he won the high and long jumps, setting an incredible world record in the high jump - 186 cm. He participated in four more Paralympics and won a total of seven gold and one silver medals, and in 1980 he improved your achievement by another 10 cm - 196 cm!

VI Summer Games (Arnhem, 1980)

The games were supposed to be held in Moscow, but the leadership of the USSR did not want to enter into contacts on this issue, and they were moved to Holland. Sitting volleyball appeared in the program - volleyball players from the Netherlands became the first champions. The Americans won the team competition - 195 medals (75 gold). Here and below are the official data of the International Paralympic Committee.

VII Summer Games (Stoke Mandeville and New York, 1984)

Due to problems of interaction between the Organizing Committees of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the competitions were held in parallel in America and Europe: 1,780 athletes from 41 countries competed in New York and 2,300 from 45 countries in Stoke Mandeville. A total of 900 medals were awarded. If athletes of all categories competed in New York, then in Stoke Mandeville, according to tradition, only wheelchair athletes competed. The Americans again won the team competition - 396 medals (136 gold).

VIII Summer Games (Seoul, 1988)

This time, the Paralympic Games were again held on the same sports grounds and in the same city as the Olympic Games. The program included 16 sports. Wheelchair tennis was presented as a demonstration event. The hero of the Games was American swimmer Tricia Zorn, who won 12 gold medals - ten in individual swims and two relays. Soviet Paralympians competed only in athletics and swimming, but were able to win 56 medals in these events, including 21 gold, and take 12th team place.

Vadim Kalmykov won four gold medals in Seoul - in the high jump, long jump, triple jump and pentathlon.

IX Summer Games (Barcelona, 1992)

Wheelchair tennis has become an official sport. The CIS team won 45 medals, including 16 gold, and took eighth overall team place. And the US Paralympians won again, winning 175 medals, including 75 gold.

X Summer Games (Atlanta, 1996)

These Games were the first in history to receive commercial sponsorship. 508 sets of awards were raffled off in 20 program types. Sailing and wheelchair rugby were featured as demonstration sports.

Albert Bakarev became the first Russian wheelchair athlete to win a Paralympic gold medal in swimming at a competition in Atlanta. He had been swimming since childhood, but was seriously injured at the age of 20 when he unsuccessfully jumped into the water while on vacation. Returning to the sport, five years later he showed good results; in Barcelona 1992 he became a bronze medalist. In 1995 he won the world championship. In Sydney 2000 he won two medals - silver and bronze.

XI Summer Games (Sydney, 2000)

After these Games, it was decided to temporarily exclude athletes with intellectual disabilities from participation. The reason was the difficulties of medical control. The reason was the participation of several healthy athletes in the Spanish national basketball team. The Spaniards defeated Russia in the final, but the deception was exposed, however, the “gold” did not go to our basketball players, they remained silver medalists.

And the heroine of the Games was the Australian swimmer Siobhan Peyton, an athlete with an intellectual disability. She won six gold medals and set nine world records. The Australian Paralympic Committee named her Athlete of the Year and issued a postage stamp with her image. She received a state award - the Order of Australia. Siobhan studied at a regular school and was very worried about the fact that she was constantly teased, calling her “slow.” With her victories, she adequately responded to her offenders.

XII Summer Games (Athens, 2004)

There has never been such an abundance of records at any of the past Games. In swimming competitions alone, world records were broken 96 times. In athletics, world records were broken 144 times and Paralympic records 212.

In Athens, famous Paralympic veterans competed successfully, including the visually impaired American Trisha Zorn, who at the age of 40 won her 55th medal in swimming. A participant in six Games, she won almost every swimming event at them and simultaneously held nine Paralympic world records. Trisha also competed in able-bodied competitions and was a candidate for the US team for the 1980 Olympic Games.

The heroine of the Games was Japanese swimmer Mayumi Narita. The wheelchair athlete won seven gold and one bronze medal and set six world records.

XIII Summer Games (Beijing, 2008)

The hosts created all the conditions for the participants. Not only sports facilities and the Olympic Village, but also the streets of Beijing, as well as historical sites, were equipped with special devices for the disabled. China, as expected, took first place with 211 medals (89 gold). The Russians took eighth place - 63 (18). A good result, considering that our Paralympians competed in less than half of the program’s events.

The most medals - 9 (4 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze) - were won by Brazilian swimmer Daniel Diaz.

Another hero, Oscar Pistorius (South Africa), a runner on prosthetics, became a three-time Paralympic champion in Beijing. At 11 months old, he lost his legs due to a birth defect. The athlete uses specially designed carbon fiber prostheses for running and is now fighting for the right to participate on an equal basis with everyone else in the London 2012 Olympics. At least, in the courts, he seems to have defended this right.

TYPES OF PARALYMPIC SPORTS

SUMMER

Wheelchair basketball. The very first game type that was presented at the Summer Games. Teams have five players; the rules, with the exception of the fact that players move in wheelchairs, are close to the usual ones. In Beijing 2008, Australian basketball players became the winners.

Billiards. Classic billiards - snooker in a version for wheelchair users was presented at the Games in 1960 by one male game. The British won the gold and silver medals. The rules are not fundamentally different from the usual ones.

Struggle. Paralympic wrestling is closer to freestyle, participants are divided into weight categories. The Americans were the strongest in this event: in 1980 they won eight gold medals, and in 1984 - seven. Perhaps for this reason wrestling was replaced by judo.

Bocce. Variation of the Greek ball game. The rules are simple: the leather ball must be thrown as close as possible to the control white ball. The competition involves athletes with severe disabilities, men and women together; There are individual, pair and team options.

Cycling. The rules are not adapted specifically for athletes with disabilities, but additional protective equipment has been introduced. Wheelchair users compete on manual wheelchairs, and visually impaired athletes compete on tandem bicycles in pairs with sighted assistants. Men and women participate. The modern program includes road racing, as well as track sports: team, individual, pursuit, etc.

Volleyball. There are two varieties - standing and sitting. In Beijing, Russia competed in this event for the first time and won bronze medals.

Goalball. A ball game for blind athletes, in which you need to roll a large ball with a bell inside into the opponent's goal.

Academic rowing. Competitions are held in four types: men's and women's singles (athletes using only their hands participate), mixed doubles (with their arms and body) and mixed fours (with their legs).

Darts. This event, in a version for wheelchair users, was presented at the Paralympic Games from 1960 to 1980, but it is possible that it will return to the program.

Judo. In the Paralympic version, blind wrestlers (both men and women) grab each other before the signal to start the fight. In Beijing, Oleg Kretsul won a gold medal, the first for Russia.

Athletics. Running, jumping, throwing, all-around, as well as specific types - wheelchair racing. 160 types of programs were presented in Beijing. China takes first place with 77 medals (31 gold).

Horseback Riding. Competitions are held according to the compulsory program, free and team. 70 athletes took part in Beijing, including two representatives of Russia. Team Great Britain was out of competition - 10 medals (5 gold).

Lawn bowl (bowl game). The game is reminiscent of both golf and bowling, invented in England in the 12th century, and was part of the Paralympic Games from 1968 to 1988. The strongest athletes were invariably from Great Britain.

Table tennis. Wheelchair users (a ball crossing the side of the table after bouncing does not count) and amputees participate; there are single and team competitions. In Beijing, the hosts were beyond competition - 22 medals (13 gold).

Sailing. Men and women compete together in three classes of boats. In Beijing, Paralympians from the USA, Canada and Germany each won one gold medal.

Swimming. The rules are close to the usual ones, but there are changes. Thus, blind swimmers are informed about touching the wall of the pool. There are three starting options: standing, sitting and from the water.

Wheelchair rugby. Although both men and women participate, the game is tough and uncompromising. A volleyball is used that can be carried and passed by hand. Wheelchair rugby combines elements of basketball, football and ice hockey and is played on a basketball court. Special wheelchairs are used to soften the impact of collisions. The US team won gold in Beijing.

Power types. The most widespread exercise is powerlifting - the bench press. In Beijing, the Chinese became the best, winning 14 medals (9 gold).

Archery. The first Paralympic event was the start of the wheelchair competition, organized by Ludwig Guttman in Stoke Mandeville. The program includes team competitions, standing and sitting in a wheelchair.

Bullet shooting. Wheelchair users shoot while sitting in a wheelchair or lying down. Athletes are divided into two categories: those who use and those who do not use additional arm support. There are male, female and mixed types.

Dance sport. Wheelchair dance competitions are divided into three types - partner in a wheelchair, partner in a wheelchair, and both dancers in wheelchairs.

Wheelchair tennis. Men's and women's, singles and doubles competitions are held. The main difference from regular tennis is that the ball is allowed to bounce twice off the court.

Wheelchair fencing. The first type adapted for athletes with disabilities. The fundamental feature is that the strollers are secured on a special platform, and instead of leg movements, the body or only the arms are used.

Football 7x7. Competitions for athletes with cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders, the degree of disability is strictly specified by the rules: impairments must interfere with normal play, and movement disorders are allowed, but it is necessary to maintain normal coordination in a standing position and when hitting the ball. In addition to the reduced size of the court and fewer players, there is no offside rule and one-handed throw-ins are allowed. Two halves of 30 minutes are played. Russian football players are champions of the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games, medalists in 1996, 2004 and 2008.

Football 5x5. Game for blind and visually impaired athletes; close to goalball, but played standing up. There are four players on the team, and the goal is protected by a sighted coach-goalkeeper who directs the actions. The rattle ball game lasts 50 minutes. One team may have blind and visually impaired players; Blindfolds are required for everyone except the goalkeeper.

WINTER

Biathlon. In 1988, only men with lower limb impairments participated in the competition. In 1992, events for athletes with visual impairments were added, which was made possible thanks to special audio electrical equipment created in Sweden. The diameter of the target for athletes with visual impairments is 30 mm, for athletes with musculoskeletal disorders - 25 mm. For each miss, a penalty minute is assigned.

Athletes' rifles are kept on the range and do not need to be carried. Shooting only while lying down. Athletes with visual impairments are provided with a guide to help them get into position and load the rifle.

Ski race. First, athletes with amputations (used special devices for poles) and with visual impairments (walked the distance with a guide) participated. Since 1984, wheelchair athletes have also competed in cross-country skiing. They moved on sit-on sled skis - the seat is fixed at a height of about 30 cm on two ordinary skis - and held short poles in their hands.

Skiing. Three-ski slalom was invented: athletes descend the mountain on one ski, using two additional skis attached to the ends of poles. Monoski competitions are designed for wheelchair users and are similar to snowboarding. In Turin 2006 there were 24 types of programs, 12 each for men and women.

Wheelchair curling. Unlike traditional curling, there are no sweepers. Teams are mixed and the five players must include at least one representative of each gender. Athletes compete in their usual wheelchairs. The stones are moved by special sliding sticks with plastic tips that cling to the handle of the stone.

Ice sledge racing. Paralympic analogue of speed skating for wheelchair athletes. Instead of skates, sleighs with runners are used.

Sledge hockey. Invented by three disabled people from Sweden who played wheelchair sports on frozen lakes. As in traditional hockey, six players (including the goalkeeper) from each team play. Players move around the field on sleds; The equipment includes two sticks, one of which is used for pushing off the ice and maneuvering, and the other for hitting the puck. The game consists of three periods lasting 15 minutes.

Less than a year remains until the XI Winter Paralympic Games 2014, they will begin on March 7 next year. We decided to briefly recall the main stages of the creation and development of the Paralympic movement.

Paralympic Games are sports competitions in various types of programs among people with disabilities, an analogue of the Olympic Games. They are held every four years in the same place as the Olympic Games, but at a slightly later date. They are divided into winter and summer.

The term "Paralympic Games" became official in 1988. The name comes from the Greek preposition "para" ("near" or "along") and "Olympic Games".

The first attempts to involve disabled people in sports were made back in the 19th century. In 1888, a sports club for the deaf was formed in Berlin. In 1924, the Olympic Games for the Deaf were held for the first time in Paris, the program of which included competitions in athletics, cycling, football, shooting and swimming.

Disabled people with injuries to the musculoskeletal system began to actively participate in sports only after the Second World War.

The founder of the Paralympic movement is the outstanding neurosurgeon Ludwig Guttmann, who was born in Germany and emigrated to England in 1939. In 1944, on behalf of the British government, he opened the Spinal Cord Injury Center at the hospital in the small town of Stoke Mandeville. Using his methods, in which sports played an important role, Guttman helped many soldiers injured in the battles of World War II return to normal life. What were at first auxiliary procedures for the physical rehabilitation of war veterans eventually grew into a sports movement in which the physical capabilities of athletes occupied a central place. Professor Guttman became Director of the Stoke Mandeville Center for the Rehabilitation of Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries and President of the British International Organization for the Treatment of Disabled People with Musculoskeletal Injuries.

In 1948, in Stoke Mandeville, Ludwig Guttmann held an archery competition among wheelchair athletes, in which 16 paralyzed men and women took part in ex-servicemen. The Olympic Games were opening in London at the same time.

In 1952 (again at the same time as the next Olympics), Guttman organized the first international competition with the participation of 130 disabled athletes from England and Holland - the International Stoke Mandeville Games (ISMI), which became the predecessor of the modern Paralympic Games.

The lack of a necessary governing body that would coordinate and determine the direction of development of competitions for disabled people led to the creation of the International Stoke-Mandeville Federation, which established a close relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

In 1956, during the Olympic Games in Melbourne, Guttman was awarded a special cup by the IOC for realizing the Olympic ideals of humanism. In 1959, he developed and published the first ever regulations for competitions in sports for the disabled.

In 1960, the Committee for the International Stoke Mandeville Games was established in Rome. The Ninth International Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome in the same year. It was they who later received the status of the first Paralympic Games. 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the competition.

The first ever Paralympic Games were opened by the wife of former Italian President Carla Gronchi, and Pope John XXIII received the participants in the Vatican. Only wheelchair athletes who had suffered a spinal cord injury participated in the Paralympic Games. Sports represented included archery, athletics, basketball, fencing, table tennis, swimming, as well as darts and billiards. Medals were awarded in 57 disciplines.

In 1964, the Olympic Games for the Disabled were held in Tokyo (Japan). New sports were included in the program, in particular, wheelchair riding, weightlifting and discus throwing. In the same year, the competition received its current name - the Paralympic Games (officially approved in 1988).

In 1976, in Toronto (Canada), for the first time, not only athletes with spinal cord injuries, but also visually impaired people and people who had amputated limbs took part in competitions.

With each subsequent games, the number of participants increased, the geography of countries expanded, and the number of sports increased.

Also in 1976, the first Paralympic Winter Games took place in Ornskoldsvik (Sweden). Competitions for amputees and visually impaired athletes were organized on the track and in the field. For the first time, sleigh racing competitions were demonstrated.

The success of the first Winter Games allowed the organization of the second Paralympic competition in 1980 in Geilo (Norway). Downhill sledding was held as a demonstration performance. Athletes of all disability groups took part in the Paralympic competitions.

Beginning with the 1988 Summer Paralympic Games in Seoul (South Korea) and the 1992 Winter Paralympic Games in Tignes and Albertville (France), competitions began to take place on the same sports grounds and facilities as the Olympic competitions.

One of the most important events in the development of sports for people with disabilities was the first General Assembly of international sports organizations for people with disabilities, which established the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 1989 in Dusseldorf (Germany). Its main tasks are the organization and holding of the Paralympic and other world games for people with disabilities, cooperation with the IOC, and promoting the development of sports for people with disabilities without discrimination.

The modern Paralympic emblem appeared at the Paralympic Winter Games in Turin in 2006. The logo consists of three hemispheres of red, blue and green colors located around a central point - three agitos (from the Latin agito - “to set in motion, to move”). This symbol reflects the role of the IPC in uniting athletes with disabilities who inspire and delight the world with their achievements. The three hemispheres symbolize the mind, body and spirit.

In 2012, the Games, held in London (Great Britain), became the largest competitions in the history of the Paralympic movement: more than four thousand athletes from 164 countries took part in them, and 503 sets of medals were played.