Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
1.Self-control in the process of physical education and when playing sports……………………………………………………………………………………………….5
1.1 Objective indicators……………………………………………………………6
1.2 Subjective data……………………………………………………7
2. Pedagogical control, content of pedagogical control….12
3. Medical control……………………………………………………...14
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..16
List of sources used…………………………………….…...17
Introduction
A person as a personality is formed in the process of social life: in study, work, in communication with people. Physical culture and sports contribute to the formation of a comprehensively developed personality.
Moral education. During classes, training, and especially during sports competitions, students endure great physical and moral stress: a rapidly changing environment, opponent resistance, the dependence of the result of sports competitions on the efforts of each team member, the ability to subordinate their interests to the interests of the team, respectful attitude towards the opponent contribute to the formation they have such character traits as willpower, courage, self-control, determination, self-confidence, endurance, discipline.
Mental education. In physical education and sports classes, students acquire knowledge about rational ways of performing motor actions, about using acquired skills in life, learn the rules of hardening the body, and mandatory hygiene requirements.
Observation, attention, perception develop, and the level of stability of mental performance increases.
Research shows that physical exercise helps improve the senses, muscle-motor sensitivity, visual and auditory perception, and the development of memory, especially visual-motor memory.
Labor education. The essence of labor education lies in the systematic and planned development of personality qualities and properties that determine a person’s preparation for life, for socially useful work. Hard work is also cultivated directly in the process of physical exercise and sports, when students repeatedly perform physical exercises to achieve maximum results, overcoming fatigue.
Aesthetic education. Physical culture and sports contain enormous opportunities for the aesthetic education of a person, the development of the ability to perceive, feel and correctly understand the beauty in actions, in the beauty of the perfect forms of the human body, in the movements of a gymnast, acrobat, diver, and figure skater brought to the level of art. Performing exercises to music in rhythmic gymnastics and figure skating contributes to the development of musical culture. Hiking, mountaineering, sailing and other sports allow you to understand and feel the beauty in nature.
The connection between physical exercise and aesthetic education is dual in nature, since it allows not only to form an outwardly beautiful image, but also at the same time to influence the education of moral and volitional qualities, ethical standards and behavior in society.
1. Self-control in the process of physical education and when playing sports
Medical supervision and medical-pedagogical observations will give better results if they are supplemented with self-control.
Self-monitoring is an essential addition to medical supervision. It is carried out by the participants themselves. To do this, each of them is required to keep a self-control diary.
Self-monitoring allows you to timely determine the presence of certain deviations in the health status of students and take the necessary measures to eliminate them. At the same time, self-monitoring allows the doctor to conduct regular monitoring, and the coach to make certain changes to the training plans.
Its main advantage is that those who exercise, by carrying out daily self-observations, can clearly feel the beneficial effect of physical exercise on their health.
Students must be taught to keep a self-control diary from the very beginning of group classes. At the same time, the goals and objectives of self-control are covered in detail, the meaning of individual indicators of objective and subjective data is revealed.
1.1. Objective indicators
Height is an important indicator of physical development. But it should be considered in combination with body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity (spirometry). Measuring height is of great importance for calculating indicators characterizing the correctness, proportionality of the physique and the state of physical development.
Body weight is one of the main characteristics of a person’s physical condition and is an indicator of the development of his body. A person’s body weight is normally determined by subtracting conventional values from height indicators (in cm).
Chest circumference. A well-developed chest is an indicator of good physical development and a well-known guarantee of good health. The chest circumference is examined at rest (in a pause), during inhalation and exhalation.
The difference between inhalation and exhalation is called chest excursion. The latter depends on the development of the respiratory muscles and the type of breathing.
Muscular strength of the arms. Arm muscle strength is measured with a dynamometer. Muscular strength of the arms depends on height, body weight, chest circumference and other indicators. On average, the relative strength of the arm muscles for men is 60-70% of weight, for women - 45-50% of weight. Deadlift muscle strength is the strength of the back extensor muscles. It depends on gender, age, body weight, and occupation. Men have significantly higher deadlift muscle strength than women. With age it begins to fall.
Spirometry. Vital capacity is the volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs, characterizing mainly the strength of the respiratory muscles, as well as the elasticity of the lung tissue.
Pulse. A person’s level of fitness and performance largely depend on the functional capacity of the cardiovascular system.
Each person has their own heart rate. At rest in a healthy, untrained man it is usually 60-80 beats/min; in women it is 5-10 beats more often.
The pulse rate depends on age, body position, level of physical activity, etc. During physical exercise, the pulse always increases.
Sweating. During large muscular work, sweating helps to establish acid-base balance, regulates body temperature and is the main indicator of normal water-salt metabolism.
Sweating depends not only on the load and air temperature, but also on the state of the nervous system.
With the correct method and training regimen, sweating decreases, and body weight remains almost unchanged.
1. 2. Subjective data
Mood plays a big role in a person's life. A good mood contributes to greater effectiveness of the training process.
But sports and physical education, in turn, improve mood, evoke feelings of cheerfulness, joy, and self-confidence.
When a person is in good athletic shape, he perceives the world around him completely differently.
Well-being. Under the influence of regular exercise and sports, the entire body is rebuilt. Thus, the work of the heart, lungs and other internal organs is accompanied by the appearance of nerve impulses. Under normal conditions, these impulses do not reach the cerebral cortex and do not cause corresponding reactions that turn into sensations. This is why healthy people usually cannot feel their heart, lungs, liver, etc.
Well-being is a kind of barometer of the impact of physical exercise on the body of those involved. Excessive stress is accompanied by poor health. If it persists for a long time, you should immediately consult a doctor and reduce your load.
Fatigue, exhaustion, and decreased performance are directly related to the state of the human nervous system. This is a complex physiological process that begins in the higher parts of the nervous system and affects other systems and organs of the human body.
Night sleep cannot be replaced by anything. Its essence lies in a kind of delay in the activity of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex through the process of inhibition. The depth and duration of sleep depend on many reasons.
Sleep should be sufficient and regular, but not less than 7 hours, and with large amounts of physical activity - 8-9 hours.
It is useful to take a walk in the fresh air before going to bed. In this case, food should be taken for the last time no later than 1.5-2 hours before bedtime; dinner should not include strong tea or coffee; Smoking at night is strictly prohibited.
Appetite. During physical activity, metabolism occurs more actively.
In the first days of training, body weight decreases, as the body’s reserves are used up: accumulated fat “melts” and water is lost, but at the same time appetite develops. It is well known that appetite is unstable, easily disrupted by illness or illness, but then restored again.
Often, with violations of the training regime, increased load, or overexertion, appetite is lost. This allows you to judge the correctness or incorrectness of the training methodology.
In the self-control diary, appetite is noted as good, satisfactory, or poor.
Palpitations are the sensation of the heart beating rapidly and forcefully, associated with feeling unwell. At the same time, the pulse quickens or slows down, i.e. it becomes irregular.
The time of occurrence of palpitations, its nature, duration, degree of connection with training sessions should be noted in the self-monitoring diary.
Headaches most often occur with various diseases. In addition, headaches and dizziness can be caused by fatigue, excessive physical activity, etc.
Sometimes headaches and dizziness occur during exercise. Self-control is especially important here, which will help you find out after what exercises and when they appear, and determine their duration.
Dyspnea. The work of the heart is closely related to the work of the lungs. Therefore, weakening of the heart muscle leads to impaired blood circulation in the lungs and reduces their ventilation, i.e., the exchange between pulmonary and external air. As a result, a lack of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide is formed in the blood, which irritates the respiratory center, causing shortness of breath.
Dyspnea is rapid breathing. It is accompanied by a feeling of tightness in the chest and difficulty breathing. Any vigorous work or physical exercise causes rapid breathing, i.e. shortness of breath. After great physical exertion, shortness of breath is considered normal. In this case, the number of breaths can double or even triple. As training increases, shortness of breath disappears and breathing quickly returns to normal.
Muscle pain. Often, during the preparatory period of a lesson or in people who have just started physical education, muscle pain appears. As a rule, these pains continue for two to three weeks and are evidence of active restructuring of the body.
Those who engage in physical education year-round do not experience these pains, and after heavy physical exertion, their muscles quickly restore their performance. Massage and the use of various medications help to quickly relieve muscle pain.
Pain in the side. They are noted in the right hypochondrium - in the area of the liver or in the left - in the area of the spleen after great physical stress. These are dull pains in nature.
The appearance of pain in the left hypochondrium is explained by the overflow of the spleen with blood, in the right hypochondrium - by the overflow of blood in the liver.
Monitoring sports results is the most important point of self-control, allowing you to assess the correct use of means and methods of training, training loads.
2. Pedagogical control, content of pedagogical control
Pedagogical control is a systematic process of obtaining information about the physical condition of those involved in physical culture and sports. It is carried out in order to check whether the pedagogical impact corresponds to increasing the effectiveness of academic and training sessions.
Tasks of pedagogical control:
Assess the effectiveness of the training means and methods used;
Execute the training plan;
Establish control standards that evaluate the physical, technical, tactical, theoretical preparedness of athletes;
Identify the dynamics of development of sports results and predict the achievements of individual athletes;
Select talented athletes.
Monitoring class attendance;
Monitoring the condition of students;
Control over exercise technique; Accounting for sports results;
Control of behavior during competitions.
5. Types of pedagogical control
1) Stage-by-stage - assess the state of sports, technical and tactical training of those involved at a specific stage.
2) Current - determine daily changes in the training of students.
3) Operational - express assessment of the state in which the student is currently located.
The main thing in pedagogical control is to assess the psychophysical state of those involved in physical education. * Experts distinguish three types of conditions:
1. Permanent, persisting for a long period of time (the state of the body’s athletic form, its level of fitness).
2. Current, with changes during one or more classes (state of increased or decreased performance).
3. Operational, changing under the influence of specific physical exercises (fatigue after running a distance once or increasing performance after warming up).
Methods of pedagogical control include: questioning of students and trainers-teachers; analysis of working documentation of the educational and training process; pedagogical observations during classes, registration of functional and other indicators characterizing the activities of those involved in physical exercises directly in class;
3. Medical supervision
Medical control is a comprehensive medical examination of the physical development and functional readiness of those involved in physical culture and sports.
It is aimed at studying the state of health and the effect of regular physical activity on the body. The main form of medical control is a medical examination.
The frequency of medical supervision or examination depends on the qualifications, as well as the type of sport. Students undergo a medical examination at the beginning of the academic year, athletes - 2 times a year.
Medical control at the university is carried out in the following forms:
regular medical examinations and monitoring of those involved in physical exercises and sports;
medical and pedagogical observations of students during classes and competitions;
sanitary and hygienic control over places, conditions of classes and competitions;
Sanitary educational work, promotion of physical culture and sports, healthy lifestyle;
prevention of sports injuries and diseases;
carrying out comprehensive and restoration measures.
Medical examination is divided into primary, repeat, and additional.
Primary - carried out to resolve the issue of admission to regular exercise and sports.
Repeated - is carried out to make sure how much the volume and intensity of the load correspond to the state of health, as well as in order to adjust the educational and training process.
Conclusion.
For every person, and for society as a whole, there is no greater value than health.
Physical culture is an integral part of human life. It occupies a fairly important place in people’s studies and work. Physical exercise plays a significant role in the performance of members of society, which is why knowledge and skills in physical education should be developed in educational institutions at various levels in stages. Higher educational institutions also play a significant role in the education and teaching of physical culture, where teaching should be based on clear methods, methods that together are built into a well-organized and streamlined methodology for teaching and educating students.
Self-control instills in the student a competent and meaningful attitude towards his health and physical exercise, helps to better know himself, teaches him to monitor his own health, stimulates the development of sustainable hygiene skills and compliance with sanitary standards and rules. Self-control helps regulate the training process and prevent overwork. Self-control is of particular importance for students of a special medical group.
List of sources used
1. Gusalov A. Kh. “Physical training group”, 1997
2. Dembo A. G. “Medical control in sports”, 1998
3. Reshetnikov N.V., Yu. L. Kislitsin “Physical literature”, 2001
4. “Student’s physical culture. /Edited by V.I. Ilyinich. - M.: Gardariki, 2003.
5. Theory and methods of physical education. Textbook for the Institute of Physics. culture. Under the general editorship. L.P. Matveeva and F.D. Novikova. Ed. 2nd, rev. And additional (At 2 o'clock). M., “Physical education and sport”, 1976.
6. Basics of sports training. Textbook for the Institute of Physics. culture. Edited by L.P. Matveeva. M., “Physical Education and Sports”, 1977.
7. Therapeutic exercise and medical supervision: Textbook edited by V.A. Epifanov, G.L. Apanasenko. - M.: Medicine, 1990.
8. Sports medicine: Textbook. for the institute of physics. cult./Ed. V.L. Karpman. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987.
9. Sports medicine /Ed. A.V. Chogovadze, L.A. Butchenko. - M.: Medicine.
4.1.1 Essence, objectives and forms of medical supervision
Before you start exercising on your own, you need to get recommendations on your physical mobility regimen from your local doctor or the regional physical education clinic. Then, using the advice of doctors or physical education specialists, choose the most beneficial types of exercise for yourself. You should exercise regularly, trying not to miss a single day. At the same time, it is necessary to systematically monitor your well-being, noting all the changes that occur in the body before and after physical exercise. To do this, diagnostics or self-diagnosis are carried out. During this procedure, objective indicators of self-control are carefully recorded: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, weight, anthropometric data. Diagnostics is also used to determine the training level of the student.
There are many functional tests, criteria, exercise tests that are used to diagnose the state of the body during physical activity. Medical supervision occupies a special place when engaging in health-improving physical education for older and elderly people.
Before starting health training, middle-aged and elderly people should undergo a medical examination with an ECG recording before and after (or during) a functional stress test to identify possible disturbances in the circulatory system.
Medical control during physical education is aimed at solving three main tasks: 1) identifying contraindications to physical training; 2) determination of Ufa to prescribe an adequate training program; 3) monitoring the state of the body during exercise (at least twice a year).
Due to the ability to vary the magnitude of training loads (starting with walking) over a wide range, absolute contraindications to health-improving training are very limited: - congenital heart defects and stenosis (narrowing) of the atrioventricular orifice; - cardiac or pulmonary failure of any etiology; - severe coronary insufficiency, manifested at rest or with minimal exercise; - chronic kidney diseases; - high blood pressure (200/120 mm Hg), which cannot be reduced with antihypertensive drugs; - early period after myocardial infarction (3-6 months or more); - severe heart rhythm disturbances (atrial fibrillation, etc.); - thrombophlebitis; - hyperfunction of the thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis).
Physical education is also temporarily contraindicated after any acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic illness.
Data obtained during medical control objectively reflect the functional state of the body and the effectiveness of the use of health programs. Additional valuable information during a medical examination is also obtained by measuring blood pressure, recording an ECG at rest and after exercise, determining vital capacity and body weight.
The Regulations on medical control over the physical education of the population define the following main forms of work on medical control:
1. Medical examinations of all persons involved in physical education and sports.
2. Medical and pedagogical supervision during educational and training sessions and competitions.
3. Dispensary services for individual groups of athletes.
4. Medical and sanitary support for industrial gymnastics.
5. Medical and sanitary support for competitions.
6. Prevention of sports injuries.
7. Preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision of the places and conditions for physical education classes and competitions.
8. Medical consultation on issues of physical education and sports.
9. Health education work with those involved in physical education and sports.
10. Agitation and promotion of physical culture and sports among the population.
Introduction.
Diagnostics to determine the mode and methodology of physical exercise.
Medical observations during training, competitions and physical education. Methods of physiological self-control.
Conclusion.
Literature.
Introduction
The most important health-improving and educational functions of physical culture in social terms can be ensured only under the condition of a rational system of classes and a hygienic regime, regular monitoring of the health of those involved, and the effective organization of scientific and medical support.
The doctor’s knowledge of the patterns of changes in the body in connection with sports is necessary for the correct diagnosis of the health and functional state of the athlete, especially since with irrational exercise (inconsistency with the loads of preparedness, the age and individual characteristics of those involved), violations of the training regime, adverse effects are also possible, the development of personal predilections. - and pathological conditions. Timely identification and prevention of such conditions, the ability to differentiate them from natural adaptive changes in a trained organism is a very important and not always easy task. Successful completion of this work requires a doctor’s deep and versatile knowledge in the field of theory and methods of physical education, sports physiology, sports medicine, functional diagnostics, traumatology and a number of other related medical specialties.
Of course, it is impossible to cover all aspects of this activity within the framework of one abstract, and there is no need.
Purpose of the study achieved through disclosure content, functions and methods of medical control, through the analysis of methods of diagnosis and monitoring of physiological changes in the body of persons involved in physical culture and sports.
The basis for effective medical supervision over those involved in physical culture and sports is a properly organized medical observation system, which consists of a comprehensive examination of them, ongoing observations and examinations directly in the conditions of training and competition (the so-called medical and pedagogical observations). All these sections of a doctor’s work with athletes and athletes are closely interconnected, complement each other and should represent a single process. At the same time, each of them has its own tasks, content, organizational forms and methods.
The basis of this system is comprehensive medical examination, which should give the most complete description of the condition of the students and, on this basis, resolve issues of admission to classes, determine the most adequate forms of classes, regimen and training methods for each person being examined.
Objectives of a comprehensive survey: diagnosis of health status; determination and assessment of physical development; determination of the functional state and individual characteristics of the body; prescribing the necessary treatment and preventive measures, adequate means of recovery, a rational diet, personal hygiene; Recommendations on choosing the nature of classes, training regimen and methods.
The results of a comprehensive examination serve as the basis for planning all subsequent work with athletes.
All this determines the need to use, during a comprehensive medical examination of athletes and athletes, versatile methods of clinical and functional research, which make it possible to most fully characterize the state of their health, morphological and functional characteristics of the body.
Methods of comprehensive medical examination is based on general principles of physiology and clinical medicine. At the same time, it also has its own specific features, due to the need to study a person in relation to his motor activity, to identify the functional state, functional reserves of the body, and often early signs of disorders that can be caused by both common human diseases and an irrational regime physical activity.
The health-improving effect of physical education and sports (and this is their main task) is ensured only if the applied loads fully correspond to the functional capabilities of the body. In turn, the functional state of the body reflects the effectiveness and rationality of the training system used. Therefore, the medical examination of athletes should be especially thorough and comprehensive in order to ensure timely identification of all, even minor, deficiencies in their health and physical development, as well as the level of functional capabilities of the body.
Comprehensiveness is ensured through the organization of a comprehensive clinical examination with the simultaneous use of functional diagnostic methods, reflecting both the state of individual (mainly essential for motor activity) organs and systems, and their relationships, determined by the state of the central nervous system and regulatory mechanisms.
Contents of a comprehensive medical examination includes: anamnesis (general and sports); general medical examination and physical examination; determination and assessment of physical development (somatoscopy and anthropometry); chest X-ray (or fluorography); clinical blood and urine analysis; functional study of the main systems that ensure sports performance (mainly the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, neuromuscular apparatus and analyzers) in a state of relative rest; functional tests.
According to indications, the necessary additional studies are carried out. The scope of the examination depends on its task, age, gender, sports specialization, qualifications of the person being examined, and to a large extent on the availability of the necessary conditions.
According to tasks and organization, the following are distinguished: types of examination: primary, repeated (staged) and additional.
The initial examination is carried out before the start of classes, and subsequently - before the start of each sports season. Its tasks are the most extensive (determining the state of health with identifying all existing deficiencies, the level of physical development and functional state in order to resolve issues of admission, sports orientation or selection of adequate forms of exercise, outline a plan of treatment and preventive work with each subject, determine the individual characteristics of the regime and training methods), and therefore it should be the most complete, which can be ensured to the greatest extent in the conditions of a medical and physical education clinic or other medical and preventive institution (clinic, medical unit, etc.).
Repeated (staged) examinations are carried out periodically (2-4 times a year, depending on the age, state of health and sports qualifications of the trainee) - at the main stages of preparation. The task of the stage examination is to determine the impact of the adopted training system on the student’s body, to assess the formation and development of his fitness. At the same time, injuries and illnesses suffered during this time are clarified, the implementation and effectiveness of previously made assignments are checked, and appropriate adjustments are made (if necessary) to individual training plans.
An additional medical examination is carried out before resuming classes after illness, injury, overexertion, as well as on the direction of teachers and trainers if signs of decreased performance, fatigue or illness appear. The scope and methodology of such a survey are determined by specific tasks.
In the intervals between complex examinations, ongoing medical monitoring and studies are carried out under natural conditions of training and competition.
Based on the examination, a conclusion is drawn up on the condition of the athletes with the necessary recommendations for the coach (teacher) and the athlete himself.
Diagnostics to determine the mode and methodology of physical exercise.
Based on the results of a comprehensive medical examination, a detailed conclusion is drawn up, containing an assessment of the athlete’s condition and recommendations resulting from this.
Conclusion should include following sections: assessment of health status, assessment of physical development, assessment of functional state, admission to classes and competitions, recommendations on the organization and implementation of treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures, recommendations on the regime and methods of classes or sports training, appointment for the next or additional examination.
Health assessment is the main part of the conclusion. The conclusion “healthy” can be given only in the absence of any (even minor) deviations or complaints. When any health problems are identified, a diagnosis of the disease is indicated with its full characteristics - form, stage, course, etiology, degree of compensation, etc.
Assessment of physical development is made on the basis of external examination, anthropometry indicators and additional studies [calipermetry, biophotometry, plantography, radiography, scoliosometry, determination of relative density (specific gravity) of the body, etc.]. Physical development is assessed as correct or incorrect (in the presence of any defects in physique and posture).
The functional state is assessed based on the analysis and comparison of all studies performed in a state of muscle rest and during functional tests. The functional state can be assessed in conclusion as good, satisfactory, or impaired (overwork, overtraining, etc.).
Admission to classes and competitions is determined on the basis of an examination, taking into account indications and contraindications (including temporary ones due to past illnesses or injuries) to engage in one or another form of physical culture and sports (mass physical culture and recreational work, health groups, classes according to the compulsory curriculum, sports training, competitions, etc.).
Good indicators of health and functional state indicate the adequacy of the loads and training regimen used by the student.
If the examination reveals any unfavorable changes, a thorough analysis of the physical training regimen and the introduction of certain changes to it in accordance with the indicators of the condition of each subject are necessary. This may concern the nature, volume and intensity of loads, their alternation with rest, the duration and nature of the latter, the introduction or exclusion of any exercises, the frequency of competitions, changes in training conditions, the general lifestyle of the student, etc.
Medical observations during training, competitions and physical education. Methods of physiological self-control.
The same training regimen, the same loads can have not only different, but sometimes directly opposite effects - strengthening health, expanding functional capabilities, increasing fitness and performance when the load matches the condition of the trainee and, conversely, lack of effect, overwork, and sometimes the development of various pre- and pathological conditions, if proper compliance is not ensured. Hence, the great role of the doctor in the process of physical education and sports training, in managing this process and its rationalization is clear.
Collaboration between trainer and doctor– this is the basis for the effectiveness of the educational and training process. The doctor participates in staffing groups involved in planning and correcting the training process, organizing rehabilitation activities, and conducting educational and health education work with students. The trainer (teacher), on the basis of dynamic medical and pedagogical control in micro-, macro- and multi-year training cycles, draws up training plans (sessions) for teams or groups of students and individual plans, makes the necessary adjustments to them.
It is known that physical activity gives a training and health-improving effect in the case when the work performed during training is within 70–85% of the maximum permissible.
It is also known that there is a direct relationship between the intensity of the load (walking or running speed) and a person’s energy expenditure, as well as between energy expenditure and heart rate (pulse). That's why as a matter of self-control Using your pulse, you can check whether the training intensity corresponds to the optimal training energy expenditure. This pulse is measured immediately after the end of the exercise, it is called the training pulse (RT), and the indicator of the body’s adaptability to training loads is usually called the recovery pulse (RP), which is measured 5 minutes after the end of the exercise (Table 1).
Table 1.
Training pulse (TP) and recovery pulse (RR)
In order to determine which preparedness group (I, II, or III) you belong to, you need to conduct testing using one of the proposed methods:
12 minute running test
It is advisable to carry out the test at a marked distance or on a stadium treadmill, where it is easy to calculate the distance covered. Your test score is given in Table 2.
Table 2.
12-minute test for men (distance covered in km)
3 minute step test
Make 90 ascents on a step 50 cm high in 3 minutes (1 ascent in 2 s).
Procedure: stand on a step (stool, chair) with one leg, put the other one on, straighten your legs at the knees; lower yourself to the floor with one foot and put the other one down.
Calculate your heart rate for the first half of the second, third and fourth minutes of rest and use the formula to determine the index
And = ѕѕѕѕѕѕ ,
P2 + P3 + 2P4
where P2 + P3 + P4 - pulse for 30 with 2, 3, 4 minutes of rest.
Index rating scale
Very bad - less than 66
Poor - 67 – 82
Satisfactory - 83 – 106
Good - 107 – 122
Excellent - 123 or more
If the degree of your preparedness is assessed as “very bad” or “poor”, then you belong to group I, if “satisfactory”, then to group II, if “good” or “excellent”, then to group III.
It should be noted that movements performed during training with a pulse below the training one and short in time (less than 15 minutes) are ineffective, since they do not have a training effect on the cardiovascular system; on the other hand, long-term loads with a pulse exceeding the training one and recovery is more than 2 hits in 10 seconds are completely unacceptable, as they can lead to undesirable consequences.
Conclusion
Regular physical exercise helps maintain and improve health, prevent diseases, and increase a person’s resilience in extreme conditions. This is especially significant in the conditions of modern life, when the widespread use of technology and automation in all spheres of human life has led to a reduction in the share of physical work and a decrease in human motor activity.
It is estimated that people who regularly exercise are 2-3 times less likely to suffer from cardiovascular and other diseases, have fewer lost days of work, tolerate changes in environmental conditions more easily, and are less susceptible to stress.
But physical education and sports are beneficial only in cases where their organization is placed on a solid scientific and medical basis. Physical exercises have a beneficial effect on the body only if the classes are carried out in compliance with the relevant methodological requirements, taking into account the individual characteristics of the participants and their state of health.
Medical supervision ensures compliance with such conditions.
This work briefly outlines the main aspects of organizing medical monitoring of the condition of people involved in physical education and sports: both at the stage of their admission to classes and during training (competitions). Based on the totality of the results obtained the purpose of the abstract should be considered achieved, and particular research problems are solved.
Literature
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Constant physical education and sports places increased demands on the human body and has strong, complex and diverse effects on it. In order for the impact of a training exercise to be correct, classes must be organized correctly, in compliance with the principles of sports training, under the supervision of a trainer-teacher and a doctor. At the same time, improper organization of classes, non-compliance with methodological principles of planning, volume and intensity of training load, lack of taking into account the state of the body and medical observations, as well as regular medical examinations can cause harm to the body.
To avoid this, medical supervision is carried out in sections of children's sports schools and in national teams. Medical control is a branch of medicine and an integral part of the physical education system; it allows timely detection of violations in the state of health, physical development and readiness of those involved in training loads . Forms of medical control are regular medical examinations, medical examinations, medical - pedagogical observations, medical support and services at competitions, as well as measures to prevent sports injuries and health education activities.
Medical and physical education clinics have long become centers for the rehabilitation of athletes of national teams, as well as medical support, medical and pedagogical supervision and monitoring of the condition of athletes.
In a university setting, it is very important to conduct regular medical examinations, as well as regular medical and pedagogical observations in order to prevent sports injuries and illness among athletes and athletes. According to the Regulations on those engaged in physical exercise, students must undergo a medical examination. These examinations are divided into primary and repeated.
An initial examination is required before students begin classes in the 1st year.
Repeated - for all students involved in sports. 2-4 times (depending on the sport). Repeated examinations are needed by athletes and coaches as a source of information for building the educational and training process, identifying violations and changes in the body of those involved.
As part of medical supervision, there are also additional medical examinations that are carried out before each competition in order to find out any contraindications at the time of competition and to obtain information about the readiness of the athlete’s body for competitions.
Participants in the marathon (42 km), ski marathon 50 and 100 km, multi-day cycling tours, long-distance swims undergo a medical examination before the start.
Defensive ball handling technique.
One of the main groups of defensive techniques - ball possession techniques - has the following sections:
Receiving the ball
Blocking
Receiving the ball
After serving and attacking blows from the opponent, you can receive the ball in various ways - from above or below with two hands, with one hand.
When receiving the ball from above with both hands, the hands are more bent than when passing the ball overhead and are at face level. The fingers are tense. This technique is used by athletes of higher qualifications and athletic preparedness. Beginner volleyball players may experience hand injuries. Depending on the conditions, the ball from above with both hands is performed in a standing position and in a fall.
Reception of the ball from below with two hands began to be used due to increased power
serves and offensive strikes.
Receiving the ball from below with both hands. Balls flying at waist level (or below the waist) are usually received from below with both hands. In this case, the hands are joined together and brought forward. As the ball approaches, the player straightens his legs and lifts his torso slightly up and forward. The ball is hit with the forearms, then the arms are moved forward and upward by straightening the torso and straightening the legs (Fig. 9).
Receiving the ball from below with one hand. Balls flying far from the player are received with one hand, after the player has previously moved. The striking movement is performed with a tense hand. Of great importance for a successful game in defense is receiving the ball from below with one hand, falling forward or to the side, followed by sliding on the chest and stomach. When performing a lunge forward and then a kick, the player sends his torso down and forward, with his arms slightly pulled back for the upcoming swing movement. Simultaneously with the push, the leg located behind is lifted upward with a swinging movement, the player’s torso moves forward and upward, and the angle of its inclination to the horizontal increases. The ball is struck in flight with the back of the hand or fist. After hitting the ball, the player extends his arms forward and spreads them to the sides slightly wider than his shoulders. When landing on your hands, shock absorption is carried out mainly by the yielding movement of the upper limb belt. The torso bends at the lower back, dropping down and forward until the chest and abdomen touch the platform. Landing is accompanied by a sliding of the body along the platform, while the chin is tilted slightly back.
Receiving the ball from below with one hand while falling and performing a somersault over the shoulder after hitting the ball is very effective.
Common mistakes:
1. The player receives the ball with technical errors (the ball rolls over his hands, stops, etc.). Reasons: incorrect exit of the player to the meeting place with the ball; incorrect placement of hands when receiving the ball; lack of visual control when hitting the ball.
2. The player cannot accurately direct the ball to his partner. Reasons: too sudden movement of the hands when hitting the ball; arms are not extended in the direction of ball movement; incorrect choice of stance when receiving the ball.
Ways to eliminate mistakes: practice the correct approach to the ball so that it falls on your forward knee; pay attention to the quick straightening of the legs and the relatively slow movement of the hands when passing; practice stretching your arms after a pass in the direction of the ball; Make sure you have the correct stance.
Blocking
Blocking in volleyball is the team's main means of defending against strong offensive attacks.
Blocking can be performed by one, two or three players.
The classification of blocking is given in the diagram:
Blocking technique:
Having determined the direction and height of the ball for an attacking shot, the player moves to the intended meeting place with the ball with side steps, a jump or a slow run. At the same time, his legs are slightly bent at the knees, and his arms are slightly bent at the elbow joints, his hands are at the level of his head. Before blocking, the player bends his legs more strongly at the knee and ankle joints, his legs are shoulder-width apart, and the forearms of his bent arms are raised slightly above his head. When blocking attacking shots performed after regular passes, the player pushes away from the support at the moment when the attacker is in an unsupported position. Having determined the actions of the attacker, the blocker pushes off from the support, while the movement begins with his arms and then with his legs. By sharply extending the legs, straightening the body and energetically waving the arms, the player assumes a vertical position.
The hands are raised above the net so that the forearms have a slight slope in relation to the net, the fingers are spread slightly less than the diameter of the ball and are optimally tense. As the ball approaches, the hands move forward and upward towards the opponent. At the same time, the hands are bent at the wrist joints and the fingers move forward and down. After blocking, the player lands on bent legs (Fig. 1).
The movements described above relate to the technique of performing a stationary block. Movable blocking is similar to fixed blocking. If for stationary blocking the hands are placed above the net in order to cover a certain area of the court, then for moving blocking the player moves his hands to the right or left, depending on the direction of the attacking blow. If shots are blocked from the edges of the net, the palm of the hand closest to the edge turns inward so that when the block is hit, the ball bounces into the opponent's court.
The technique for blocking attacking blows performed after various passes is almost similar to that described above. The exception is the moment of repulsion from the support, which corresponds to the beginning of the unsupported phase of the attacker.
Common mistakes:
1. The player does not have time to place a block. Reasons: untimely movement to the place of blocking, incorrect choice of place, jumping forward or to the side, the blocker jumps before the attacker.
basic methods of monitoring physical condition when practicing various physical education and health systems and sports
Medical supervision during physical education and sports. Includes a comprehensive program of medical supervision of persons involved in physical education and sports, in order to promote the most effective use of physical education means to strengthen health, improve physical development and physical training, as well as achieve high sports results. As a system of medical observation methods, VK is a branch of sports medicine.
Medical control is carried out by medical and physical education dispensaries, as well as medical control rooms (or therapists) in clinics, medical units of enterprises and organizations, universities and other educational institutions, at voluntary sports societies, at stadiums and other sports facilities. In the State Sports Committee, a special medical and biological department organizes, together with the health authorities, V. k. among the country's leading athletes and over sports reserve groups. The general management of V.K. during physical education and sports is entrusted to the Ministry of Health
Medical control includes: 1) medical examination: 2) medical and pedagogical observations; 3) medical and sports consultation; 4) sanitary and hygienic supervision of the places and conditions for physical education and sports classes, as well as competitions; 5) hygienic education of athletes and athletes; 6) medical and sanitary support for sports competitions and mass sports and recreational events.
A medical examination involves examining persons involved in physical education and sports, as well as those starting exercise for the first time. The examination methodology (short or in-depth) and its frequency are determined by the contingent of students (their age, gender, sports qualifications) and the nature of the activities (curriculum, recreational and therapeutic physical education, sports training).
A survey using a brief methodology is carried out among persons involved in the compulsory physical education program in educational institutions, in general physical training groups, in physical education groups of enterprises, organizations, as well as among beginning athletes and athletes. The examination is carried out by doctors - specialists in VK, doctors - therapists of district clinics, health centers of enterprises, organizations, educational institutions, first-aid posts of stadiums, swimming pools and other sports facilities. If necessary, medical specialists of various profiles can be involved in the examination (when examining women, an examination by a gynecologist is required). The frequency of examination is at least once a year. In this case, the examination of pupils and students is timed to coincide with the beginning of the academic year. Repeated examinations throughout the year are carried out according to indications, before competitions and when complaints arise. Examinations using in-depth methods are carried out by medical and physical education clinics and doctors of voluntary sports societies in the process of dispensary observation of highly qualified athletes and students of children's and youth sports schools. The frequency of examination is 2-3 times a year.
During medical examination of athletes and athletes, methods of clinical examination and functional diagnostics are used, as well as special techniques and tests developed in sports medicine. The examination using a brief method includes: collection of anamnestic data (taking into account the extract from the outpatient clinic card provided by the examinee), physical examination, measurements of height, chest circumference, determination of body weight, vital capacity, muscle strength, clinical blood and urine tests, functional tests with physical activity (see Physical performance). When examining middle-aged and elderly people, in particular before enrollment in general physical training groups, an electrocardiographic study and a biochemical blood test are additionally performed. In addition, to determine the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system and identify signs of hidden pathology, functional tests with dosed loads are used: squats, step test (climbing and descending a two-step staircase), running in place or on a moving track, using a bicycle ergometer. Before and after physical activity, the pulse is counted, blood pressure is measured, and an electrocardiogram is taken.
Based on the medical examination data, subjects involved in the physical education program are divided into three medical groups: basic, preparatory and special. The main medical group includes persons who do not have any health problems and have sufficient physical fitness. They are allowed to study the full curriculum, pass GTO standards, participate in sports sections and participate in competitions. The preparatory medical group includes persons with minor health problems and insufficient physical fitness. They study according to the same program, but with some restrictions (in the initial period) and a more gradual increase in loads; the question of participation in competitions is decided individually in each specific case. The special medical group includes persons with significant health problems or a very low level of physical fitness. Group classes for such persons can be carried out only according to a special program of therapeutic physical education, if indicated - classes according to an individual program in a clinic or physical training clinic: this takes into account the nature and stage of the disease, the level of physical fitness of the subject, his age and gender.
Medical and pedagogical observations carried out by a sports doctor together with a coach or teacher directly during training and competitions are an important part of VK. Medical and pedagogical observations make it possible to study the specific impact of training on the health and physical fitness of an athlete, to trace the dynamics of physical fitness and adaptive changes body in the process of regular sports, determine the degree of fitness (see Training). The results of medical and pedagogical observations serve as the basis for managing the training process (in accordance with the state of health, functional readiness of the athlete’s body), for carrying out measures to restore and improve performance.
Medical and sports consultation on issues related to physical education and sports is conducted by a doctor who is a specialist in physical education. For beginners, a medical and sports consultation helps make the right choice of physical exercises or type of sport (in accordance with the state of health, physical development and level of physical fitness ). Coaches, teachers and athletes receive advice on the training regimen, volume and nature of training loads, etc. Answers to all questions can only be obtained on the basis of medical examination data and medical and pedagogical observations (for athletes).
Sanitary and hygienic supervision over the places and conditions for physical education and sports classes, as well as competitions, includes preventive supervision during the design and construction of sports facilities or the allocation of special premises for classes, as well as ongoing supervision over the implementation of established sanitary rules for the maintenance of training places. Preventive supervision is carried out by a representative of the district SES together with a doctor from a medical and physical education clinic. Current supervision is carried out by a doctor of the relevant sports organization.
Hygiene education is aimed at promoting a healthy lifestyle. A doctor at a clinic or outpatient clinic in his professional activities promotes the development of physical culture, explaining to the population the role of a rational daily regimen, including regular physical education (see Exercises, Health-improving running) and sports, as well as elements of hardening.
Medical and sanitary support for sports competitions and mass forms of health and physical education work is organized by medical and physical education dispensaries or territorial health care institutions. It includes: verification of medical documentation on admission to participation in competitions; providing first aid for injuries or illnesses and, if necessary, hospitalization of victims; checking the sanitary and hygienic condition of the place and compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards and competition rules (accommodation of participants, their food, etc.). At international and all-Union competitions, doping control is also carried out (see Doping), and for women - for gender.
During competitions, the doctor is the deputy chief judge of the competition. All doctor’s orders regarding the health of participants are mandatory for judges and competition organizers.
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