History of the development of swimming in the USSR. From the history of swimming in Russia. The current stage in the development of domestic swimming

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SWIMMING (SPORTS DISTANCES), one of the oldest sports. Includes competitions in overcoming water distances from 50 to 1500 m (in the pool) in freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke, as well as in medley swimming and team relay. The swimmer (team) who reaches the finish line first wins.

Since 1896 it has been included in the program of the Olympic Games. Currently, the Olympic swimming competitions are one of the largest in terms of the number of awards awarded.

Swimming is included in the program of modern pentathlon and naval all-around, is the technical basis of the game of water polo, as well as a mandatory element in the training of water jumpers and representatives of sailing and powerboat sports. In addition to swimming at sports distances, there are applied, underwater, synchronized, therapeutic, household and other types of swimming.

Regular swimming exercises train all major muscle groups, the heart and lungs, develop endurance and coordination of movements, harden the body, strengthen the nervous system, develop correct posture, and improve metabolism.

Swimming styles.

Modern sports swimming is divided into freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly.

Freestyle.

According to the rules, when swimming freestyle, athletes can use any method (with the exception of medley swimming and team relays: in this case, freestyle is defined as different from breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke). Swimmers traditionally prefer the crawl, the fastest modern swimming style, so the concepts “freestyle” and “crawl” are often perceived as synonymous.

It is believed that the crawl as a style was formed by modifying swimming on the side - hand over hand. It has been used in competitions since the beginning of the last century. One of the founders of the modern crawl is Olympic champion Zoltan Halmai. Duke Kahanamoku and Johnny Weissmuller, who shone on the Olympic tracks, also made a great contribution to the further development of the style. At the 1912 Olympic Games, Kahanamoku used a four-beat crawl instead of a two-beat crawl (for each stroke of the arm there is one movement of the leg). Later, Weissmuller began to use the six-beat crawl.

The main driving force when swimming freestyle is created by the hands. The athlete alternately plunges his arms slightly bent at the elbow in front of his shoulders into the water, makes a long powerful stroke, gradually straightening his arm, and takes it out of the water at the hip. The work of the hands is accompanied by alternating movements up and down of the legs, which at the same time slightly bend and straighten at the knees.

Backstroke.

Backstroke swimming was once used exclusively for recreation on the water. Over time, it began to be used to overcome water distances - and was included in the competition program. At first, athletes used breaststroke, i.e. without taking your hands out of the water, technique. Modern (sometimes called “impact”) backstroke swimming is essentially an inverted crawl: alternate swinging movements of the arms are accompanied by “fluttering” kicks of the legs in the water.

At the 1912 Olympics, the inverted crawl was first demonstrated by the American Harry Hebner, who, thanks to his “know-how,” was able to noticeably outstrip his rivals. And at the 1936 Games, his compatriot Adolf Kiefer achieved an impressive advantage thanks to another technical innovation: the somersault when performing a turn, which was eventually adopted by all swimmers.

Breaststroke.

The slowest of all competitive swimming styles, primarily due to the braking moment when moving the arms forward (French brasse literally means “to spread one’s arms”). However, in Europe, breaststroke was the main swimming style for a long time, and all the first records were set using this technique. Swimmers at competitions tried to increase speed in various ways: including by moving their arms, as in butterfly. In order to preserve breaststroke as a separate swimming event, the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA) eventually decided to separate breaststroke and butterfly.

When swimming breaststroke, the legs should be in a horizontal position and move synchronously, as well as the arms, performing simultaneous wide strokes. According to the rules, after the start and turn, athletes are allowed to make only one full vertical movement of each leg while underwater. The athlete's head may periodically disappear under water, but the so-called diving breaststroke(where the swimmer covers most of the distance underwater) is now prohibited.

Butterfly.

Second fastest style. At one time it was considered a type of breaststroke, but since 1952 it has become a separate swimming style. It got its name (English butterfly - butterfly) due to the fact that the movements of the swimmer's hands really resemble the flapping of the wings of a butterfly.

Originated in the 1930s. At first it was used only in certain sections of the breaststroke distance, then throughout the entire distance. Jimmy Higgins was the first to demonstrate it in official competitions in 1935. The footwork borrowed from breaststroke was eventually replaced by a synchronized up-and-down movement in which the swimmer kicks the water with his feet. Both hands should also move synchronously.

There is a high-speed variety of butterfly - dolphin: the athlete makes a wave-like movement with his whole body.

Rules.

Types of program.

Freestyle - distances 50, 100, 200, 400, as well as 800 m (women only) and 1500 m (men only); breaststroke, butterfly and backstroke - at distances of 100 and 200 m; individual medleys for 200 and 400 m; 4x100m, 4x200m freestyle relay and 4x100m medley relay.

Participants in individual combined swims swim in different styles in the following sequence: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle. In the mixed team relay the sequence is as follows: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle.

Participants in the team relay (and the order of their performance) are determined in advance and entered into the competition protocol. Each swimmer can only compete in one stage.

Pool.

Swimming competitions are held in pools 25 m long (short water) and 50 m long (long water). Since 1924, Olympic tournaments have been held only in 50-meter pools.

OI-1924 were marked by another innovation: continuous floating markings in the form of cords with floats that separated one track from another. The width of the track is 2.5 m. The numbering of the tracks goes from right to left (if you look from the start in the direction of the distance). Contrasting dark lines are applied at the bottom of the pool - in the center of each lane - as well as at the corners of the walls, allowing the swimmer to maintain the exact direction of movement during the swim. When swimming on the back, athletes are guided by special direction indicators - a rope with flags, which is stretched on both sides of the pool.

When distributing lanes between swim participants, the so-called wedge rule. If the number of lanes in the pool is odd, the swimmer (team) who showed the best time at the previous stage swims along the central lane; if there are an even number, the swimmer (if there are 6 lanes) or the 4th (if there are 8 lanes). The athlete who showed the second time starts on the track to the left of the leader, the third on the track to the right, etc.

The rules prohibit “relying” on the markings, as well as swimming into someone else’s lane (and generally interfering with opponents in passing the distance in any way).

Equipment.

Swimming trunks (for women - a bathing suit), as well as - at the athlete's request - a bathing cap and special glasses. Sometimes male athletes cut their hair to “zero” to improve “hydrodynamics.” At the end of the century, the fashion of a century ago returned, when male swimmers, like women, competed in swimsuits. Some masters of men's swimming are experimenting with special wetsuits created using the latest technologies, and female swimmers are experimenting with asymmetrical swimsuits.

The rules prohibit the use of devices at competitions that can increase the speed, buoyancy and endurance of an athlete - fins, “webbed” gloves, etc.

Judging.

At major international competitions, the judging panel includes: the chief judge (referee), starters, timekeepers, judges at turns and the finish, assistants monitoring the athletes’ entry to the start, judges monitoring compliance with swimming technique, an informant judge and secretaries. In case of a false start, another assistant lowers a special false start rope into the water.

Start, turn around, finish.

In breaststroke, butterfly, freestyle and individual medley swimming, athletes start from a starting position with a special starting stand. (In addition to the classic start option, in which the athlete’s arms are extended forward and down or pulled back, the so-called “grab start” is also allowed: the swimmer’s hands grab the edge of the bench in front or from the sides.) In backstroke and mixed team relay competitions, the start accepted of water: holding the handrails of the starting stand with their hands and facing it, athletes rest their feet against the wall of the pool (below the water level) and - at the command “To the start!” – swimmers must fix their starting position by slightly pulling themselves towards the handrails.

The start is made when the starter fires. Now at major competitions there is a “ one start rule": a swimmer who has committed false start, is disqualified.

The moment of start and finish is recorded by electronic sensors located on the starting blocks and on the walls of the pool. If a swimmer participating in the relay pushes off from the starting block 0.03 seconds before his teammate from the previous stage touches the wall, the team will be disqualified.

In all types of the program, the athlete must touch the wall of the pool when turning. Freestyle and backstroke swimmers can touch the wall with any part of their body, so they use turn somersault forward, pushing off the wall with your feet. When swimming breaststroke and butterfly, the swimmer must touch the wall with his hands, so here it is used "pendulum" turn. Turns similar in technique are used in individual medley swimming when transitioning from butterfly to backstroke and from breaststroke to freestyle. When transitioning from the “back” to the breaststroke, a forward somersault turn is used (in this case, swimmers, according to the rules, must remain on their back until they touch the wall of the pool).

Part of the swimmer’s body must remain above the water at all times, with the exception of the start and turn, when part of the distance (no more than 15 m) is allowed to be covered under water.

In freestyle and backstroke competitions, when finishing, athletes can touch the wall of the pool with one hand; when swimming butterfly and breaststroke, they must touch the wall with two.

Competition formula.

FINA sets standard A and B qualifying times for each event. In order to enter two athletes at a competition (the maximum number of participants from one country in each program event), both of them must meet the A standard. If one or both athletes meet the B standard, the National Federation may enter only one competitor.

Major competitions begin with qualifying heats and then follow a knockout system until the finals. An athlete’s progress to the next stage depends not on the place he occupied in “his” swim, but on the time shown.

Athlete training.

The basis is the general physical training of the swimmer, which contributes to the development of endurance, and breathing (errors in breathing ultimately affect technique). When practicing a technique, much attention is paid not only to mastering its individual elements, but also to the coordination of movements and the ability to accurately calculate them (which is extremely important, for example, when performing a turn), as well as a sense of rhythm.

With the development of competitive swimming, the organization of the training process has become increasingly important. This is what contributed, for example, to the considerable success of Japanese swimmers in horse racing. 20–30s. Noticeably inferior to their competitors from Europe and America in physical strength and physique power, they compensated for this with the frequency of movements performed during the swim (which, in turn, was achieved by increasing training loads). Likewise, the rise of Australian swimming in the mid-50s was largely due to the introduction of so-called interval training - while increasing its overall volume and intensity.

Recently, much attention has been paid to means of special training for swimmers using the latest achievements of science and technology, an individual approach, rehabilitation programs for athletes, etc.

Experiments with swimming pool equipment also contribute to the growth of swimmers’ technical performance. Thus, the participants of the 1976 Olympic Games, who set 24 Olympic records - in 26 types of the program - 21 of which became world records at the same time, competed in a “pool without waves”: turbulent water flows resulting from the movement of athletes were neutralized thanks to a special design and size swimming pool And in the pool built for the 1996 Games, the problem of turbulence is solved due to its great depth, a special drainage system and lane markers that absorb the waves.

From the history of navigation.

Swimming in ancient times.

Swimming, known to man since time immemorial, was initially of an applied nature: in connection with economic activities, etc. Over time, it began to be used as a means of “active recreation.” The earliest images of swimmers that have reached us date back to the 4th–3rd millennia BC: rock paintings in the Libyan Desert, bas-reliefs of ancient Babylon, etc.

It is known that swimming was extremely revered by the ancient Greeks. It was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, but was a mandatory part of some other competitions: for example, the Isthmus Games. Even the expression “He can neither read nor swim” entered the speech of the Greeks - as evidence of the complete worthlessness of a person. Swimming was considered an important element not only in the general physical training of the younger generation, but also in education in general.

Swimming was no less popular among the ancient Romans. It was part of the training program for legionnaires. Julius Caesar and some other Roman generals were excellent swimmers. At the beginning of A.D. At the Roman baths they began to build swimming pools with heated water.

Much attention was paid to swimming in ancient Egypt and India. In Japan, even BC. competitions were held.

The origins of modern competitive swimming.

In medieval Europe, swimming was even included in the rite of knighting, although there was a period when it actually fell into decline.

At 15 – start. 16th centuries swimming began to acquire a sporting character: it is known, for example, that in 1515 competitions were held in Venice. In 1538, the first written instruction on swimming known to us was published by the Dane N. Vinman. The first amateur swimming school was opened in Paris at the end of the 18th century. A little later, similar schools appeared in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia.

In the 1830s, the first ever Sports Swimming Association was created in England. In 1844, swimming competitions were held in London. (On the initiative of the organizers, several North American Indians also took part in the competition, and confidently won - thanks to the technique of swimming in fathoms, unknown to Europeans; however, the British, even after that, did not change their usual “breaststroke” technique.) In 1875, Matthew Webb swam over English Channel, thereby marking the beginning of ultra-marathon swimming.

In the mid-19th century, the construction of artificial (indoor) swimming pools began in different countries (the first such structure opened in 1842 in Vienna). By the end of the century, swimming had gained incredible popularity. In 1889, the first international competitions took place in Budapest. A year later, the European Championship was played for the first time. (From 1926 to 1981 it was carried out once every 4 years, currently - once every 2 years.)

Created in 1908 International Amateur Swimming Federation(FINA), which contributed to the streamlining of competitive practice and registration of records, and in 1924 - European Swimming League(LINEN). Currently, there are 181 national federations in FINA, and 50 in LEN.

The first ever world swimming championship took place only in 1973 - in Belgrade (Yugoslavia). The following world championships were played at intervals of two to five years. In July 2003, the tenth anniversary championship was held in Barcelona (Spain), but not as a separate swimming competition, but as part of the World Aquatics Championship held under the auspices of FINA (its program also includes water polo, synchronized swimming and diving). water). The famous swimmer from the GDR, Michael Gross, has the most world awards – 13 (5+5+3). His compatriot Cornelia Ender has 10 medals, 8 of which are gold. Among men, American James Montgomery won the world gold most often (6 times).

In the first half of the 20th century, swimming was most developed in England, Germany, Hungary, the USA, Australia, the Netherlands, and Japan. Over time, Soviet (Russian) swimmers entered the world elite, and at the end of the 20th century - Chinese athletes.

Swimming at the Olympic Games.

It has been part of the Olympic program since the first Games (1896), where athletes competed - without division into swimming styles - at distances of 100, 500 and 1200 m. There was also a swim for sailors - a hundred-meter swim in clothes. The swimmers competed in difficult conditions: on the open sea, in cool April water and in unfavorable weather. Hungarian Alfred Hajos distinguished himself. Having won gold in the 100 m swimming, he became the first Olympic champion among swimmers in history, and then repeated his success at the 1200 m distance. In terms of the total number of awards, Greek swimmers took the lead: 8 medals (but their delegation was also the most representative, and Only three Greeks took part in the “sailors’ swim.”)

At the Olympic Games-1900, backstroke swimming (200 m) was singled out as a separate type of program, which included only seven numbers. The victory was won by the German Ernst Hoppenberg, who also won gold in the team relay. At the Paris Olympics there was also a 60m underwater swim and a 200m steeplechase. These disciplines aroused considerable interest among spectators, but they were no longer included in the Olympic program. Another type of program that is unusual by modern standards is the 4000 m freestyle swim. Here, as in the 1000 m swim, there was no equal to the Englishman John Jarvis. The hosts of the Games collected the largest harvest of awards in swimming (5), but in terms of the number of gold medals they were behind Germany, Great Britain and Australia, which won two golds each.

The vast majority of participants in the St. Louis Games (1904) were Americans, and only four American teams participated in the swimming relay. Competition for the hosts, who won 14 medals (among them stood out Charles Daniels, who won all 3 American “golds”, including the relay, as well as “silver” and “bronze”), were athletes from Germany and Hungary: first of all, they won two top awards Emil Rausch and Zoltan Halmai. At the 1904 Olympic Games, breaststroke made its debut as an Olympic discipline - at a distance of 440 yards (distances in all nine events in St. Louis were measured in yards).

Daniels and Halmai repeated their success at the intermediate Olympic Games (1906): the first - in the 100-meter freestyle, the second - in the 4x250 m team relay. They also led the main fight in the 100-meter “freestyle” distance at the 1908 Olympics in London: Halmai lost to his opponent by only 0.6 seconds. The “golden” record holder among swimmers was the Englishman Henry Taylor: 3 championship titles (including the relay) - exactly half of the total “gold”. And this time the home team turned out to be the strongest among the swimming teams.

At the Olympic Games in Stockholm (1912), swimming competitions among women were held for the first time. Representative of Australasia (the joint team of Australia and New Zealand) Fanny Durek excelled in the 100 m freestyle. British athletes won the 4x100 team relay. In the men's competition, which included seven numbers, German Walter Bath and Canadian George Hodgson received two gold medals each. In the team competition, the German swimmers performed most successfully: 7 medals (2+3+2). The Australasian athletes had one less silver.

The heroine of the 1920 Olympic Games was the American swimmer Ethelda Bleibtreu, who won three out of three possible gold medals for women (2+1), while setting three world records and finishing with a solid advantage each time. Her compatriot Norman Ross also won three golds. Duke Kahanamoku distinguished himself twice: in his signature 100-meter freestyle and in the relay. In the team competition, the US swimmers were out of competition, receiving more than half of all awards: including eight (out of ten) gold. The Swedes, who took two golds in breaststroke thanks to Hakan Malmroth, were second.

At the Paris Olympics (1924), Americans won 9 top awards. The legendary Johnny Weissmuller took first in the 100 and 400 m freestyle (an Olympic record), as well as in the 4x200 relay (a world record). He made history as the first swimmer to swim the 100m freestyle in under 1 minute and the 400m in under 5 minutes (thanks to an innovation: the six-stroke freestyle). At the 1924 Olympics, 3 world records in swimming and 9 Olympic records were set. And the Olympic swimming program presented in Paris (11 numbers) remained unchanged until the mid-1950s.

At the 1928 Olympics, Weissmuller added two more gold medals (1+1) to his collection. His national team partners George Koyach, Albina Osipovich and Marta Norelius also received two gold medals. In the overall standings, the best were again the US swimmers, although this time their advantage was not so convincing, and the geography of the winners turned out to be vast: the USA, Sweden, Germany, Argentina, the Netherlands, Japan.

The Japanese, who were among the medalists for the first time in 1928, became the best overall at the next Games, although the Americans still dominated in women's swimming, and Helen Madison managed to win three golds. Japanese swimmers excelled in five (out of six) men's swimming events. At the same time, the result shown by 14-year-old Kusuo Kitamura (the youngest champion in the history of men's Olympic swimming) in the 1500 m freestyle (19 min 12.4 sec) will be surpassed at the Olympic Games only 20 years later, and in the relay the Japanese swimmers improved Olympic record from four years ago (updating the world record) by almost 40 seconds!

Swimmers from Japan also distinguished themselves at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin: out of 11 medals they won, 4 were of the highest standard. The same amount of “gold” ended up in the Dutch national team’s treasury, and all of it was obtained by the women’s team, and Rie Mastenbroek became a three-time champion of the Games (2+1).

Japanese and German athletes did not take part in the first post-war Olympics, which - in part - allowed the US swimming team to regain lost ground. In men's swimming, all six championship titles went to Americans. The national teams of Denmark and the Netherlands took second and third places in the overall standings, thanks to the successful performance of the women's teams.

The Americans were also the first at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki. The Hungarian team that took second place was only slightly behind the leaders, but in terms of the number of top awards (4) it was on par with them. The success of the Hungarian team was also entirely ensured by women.

The 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne were marked by the first change in the swimming program in many years: butterfly, recognized as a separate style, was added to it - 100 m for women and 200 m for men. The Americans, who have repeatedly achieved success in new types, did not change the tradition this time either. However, in the overall standings, they were confidently surpassed by the home team (half of the “women’s” and almost all of the “men’s” “gold”), which included many capable swimmers. Murray Rose excelled in three events, including the relay (Rose and some of his teammates will replenish their gold reserves at the next Games). Lorraine Crapp and young Dawn Fraser won two titles each (ind. and est.) (the Australian prodigy would win two more top awards at the Olympic Games in Rome and Tokyo, thus becoming the first swimmer to win three Olympics, female athletes will “swim” within a minute in the 100-meter dash).

In 1960, the men's and women's 4x100 m medley relay was included in the Olympic program. In 1964, three more numbers were added, and in 1968 - 11 at once, bringing the total number to 29. However, in 1976 the program was slightly reduced (26).

At the 1960 Olympic Games, the US team took revenge on the Australians for their loss in Melbourne. Olympic swimming began another era of American dominance that would last nearly 20 years. At the 1964 Olympics, the young American swimmer Donald Schollander won four gold medals (2+2) (he will receive another gold at the next Games). His teammate Steve Clark received all three of his golds for the relay; Sharon Stouder's performance was, respectively, 1+2.

The noticeable “increase” in swimming disciplines at the Olympic Games led to the fact that two or three “golds” for one swimmer were no longer perceived as an exceptional achievement. Thus, at the 1968 Olympic Games, Americans Charles Hickcox and Debbie Meyer each won three titles, and 12 swimmers became double champions. Among them are the legendary Mark Spitz (USA) and Roland Matthes (GDR), for whom this was the beginning of great Olympic success.

Having won 7 more titles (4+3) in Munich (1972), and setting seven world records, Spitz became the absolute “golden” record holder among Olympic swimmers. Shane Gould and Melissa Belote each received 3 titles. At the 1976 Olympic Games, Jim Montgomery (USA), the first in history to swim beyond 50 seconds in the 100 m freestyle, received three golds, and his teammate John Naber received four.

Australian swimmers were second in four consecutive Games (1960–1972). But in Montreal ’76 they were supplanted by the athletes of the GDR team (18 of its 19 awards were won by women: Cornelia Ender especially distinguished herself: four golds and a silver, and Ulrike Richter: three golds). At the Moscow Olympics (1980), swimmers from the GDR - in the absence of their main American rivals - took first place. And again, largely thanks to the swimmers who set 6 world records. Some of them won three gold medals, and in six types of programs the entire podium belonged to representatives of the GDR. Three golds (in the 400 and 1500 m freestyle swimming and in the 4x200 relay) were won by the outstanding Soviet swimmer Vladimir Salnikov, who swam under 15 minutes for the first time in history in the 1500 m final.

Due to the “retaliatory” boycott of the Eastern Bloc countries, GDR athletes were no longer included in the 1984 Olympic Games. The Americans once again became the best in the Olympic pool. The program was again increased to 29 numbers, and a significant clarification was made to the rules: from now on, no more than two athletes could represent one country in each swimming discipline.

At the 1988 Olympics, the swimmers (or rather, female swimmers) of the GDR again took the lead; in 1992, our swimmers were the strongest, and the next two Olympics were again for the Americans. Noticeably added to the game. 80 – beginning 90s athletes from Hungary, USSR (Russia) and China. In 2000, Australian swimmers again made people talk about themselves, becoming second in the team competition in Sydney.

In the individual competition in Seoul (1988), Matt Biondi, who added 5 more top awards (2+3) to the “gold” of the previous Olympics, setting five records (four of them world ones), and swimmer from the GDR Christine Otto, were out of competition – 6 gold medals (2+4) and four Olympic records. The American Janet Evans (whose three world records have still not been surpassed) received her first three gold medals. Two champions of past Olympics also distinguished themselves: our Vladimir Salnikov and Michael Gross (Germany).

At the 1992 Olympic Games, athletes from China won four gold medals, confirming that their success in Seoul was not accidental. Evans received another “gold”, Biondi received two, Hungarian Kristina Egerzegi continued her “championship” initiative of the previous Olympic Games (3 titles) - the Olympics in Atlanta will bring her another top award (her record in the 200 m backstroke is also unshakable ). Her compatriot Tamas Dargny also distinguished himself, who also repeated his Olympic success in the 200 and 400 m medley swimming. The Russian men's team performed powerfully in Barcelona ( see below).

One of the sensations in Atlanta 96 was the Irish swimmer Michelle Smith (3 golds and 1 bronze), who was not among the favorites before the Games. American Amy van Dyken received four top awards (2+2). Russian Alexander Popov added two medals to his gold collection.

The last Games of the 20th century. swimmers recorded many records: 15 world, 38 Olympic and 74 continental. The Dutchwoman Inge de Bruin, who won three golds and a silver, and her compatriot Pieter van den Hoogenband (2 golds and 2 bronzes) each hold three world records. The American Jenny Thompson became first three times (and once third) and twice set a world record. Team USA veteran Dara Torres has won the most medals in the Olympic pool: 5 (2 gold and 3 bronze). And the “swimmer of the 21st century” Ian Thorpe distinguished himself for the hosts: three top awards and two world records.

At the 1988 and 1992 Games the program grew again: 31 numbers. In Atlanta and Sydney, swimmers have already competed for 32 sets of medals: 16 for men and women, and at Olympic Games-04 there will be even more: 40!

In the entire history of Olympic swimming (2000 inclusive), the US team won the largest number of medals: 439 (195+140+104), significantly ahead of the second-placed Australians, who have 140 medals (44+46+50). In the “personal competition” in terms of the number of Olympic “golds”, Spitz is still unrivaled: 9 medals (7 of them were received at one Olympics - also a record). Egerzegi has won the most titles in individual events (5). And in terms of the total number of Olympic medals, Spitz and Biondi have the same figure - 11 (eight of Biondi’s eleven medals are gold).

World records.

The progress of world swimming is clearly confirmed by the dynamics of record performance in its various types. For example, Hungarian Alfred Hajos won the 100-meter freestyle at the 1896 Games with a time of 1 minute 22.2 seconds. The 2000 Olympic Games champion, Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband, covered the same distance almost twice as fast: in 47.84 seconds (a new Olympic and world record).

The most world records (42) were set today by the Danish woman Ragnhild Hweger, from 1936 to 1942. Among male swimmers, the most prolific record holder remains the Swede Arne Borg: 32 records (from 1921 to 1929).

World records in modern swimming are registered separately in 25 and 50 m pools.

Swimming in Russia.

Pre-revolutionary period.

Our ancestors practiced various methods of swimming: frog (analogous to modern breaststroke), on the side, doggy style, fathoms, etc. In the 18th–19th centuries. swimming in Russia was cultivated primarily among the army. It is known that Peter I and A. Suvorov paid great attention to training soldiers in swimming skills, and in the 19th century. There were even competitions held in the sapper units of the Russian army.

The first swimming school in Russia opened in 1825 in St. Petersburg. And the first Russian-language printed guide to learning to swim was Thevenot’s book. In 1891, the country's first indoor swimming pool opened in Moscow. Three years later, the first competitions were held in St. Petersburg, on the Slavyanka River.

In 1908, the Shuvalov Swimming School opened in the suburbs of St. Petersburg, which became the most famous of such institutions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Soon the “Moscow Society of Swimming Amateurs” began to operate in Moscow. In 1913, competitions between swimmers from Moscow and St. Petersburg were held on Lake Shuvalovskoye. In the same year, in Kyiv (as part of the first Russian Olympiad), the national swimming championship was played for the first time with the participation of several dozen athletes.

In general, competitive swimming was not very developed in pre-revolutionary Russia. The swimming season was limited to the warm season (there were few indoor pools); accordingly, the athletes trained in the summer and could not keep in shape at the proper level - which is confirmed by the experience of our swimmers’ participation in the 1912 Olympic Games.

Swimming in the USSR.

The first swimming competitions in the USSR were held in 1918 in Moscow. In 1920, the Dolphin sports society was created in Petrograd, which had an outdoor swimming pool and became one of the centers for the development of domestic swimming. A little later, in Moscow, and then in other cities, their own swimming schools began to open. The first Soviet swimmers were also active in diving and water polo).

In 1923, the first USSR championship between teams from different cities was held in Moscow, which was won by athletes from Petrograd. The All-Russian Spartakiad of 1928 contributed to the further popularization of swimming in the country (after which USSR championships began to be held regularly). It was also of great importance that swimming was included in the general education program and in the GTO (Ready for Labor and Defense) complex. In 1927, the country's first winter (25-meter) swimming pool opened in Leningrad. In the early 30s, several indoor swimming pools were built in Moscow.

Some of the results shown by our swimmers in the 1930s exceeded European and world records. The first to achieve this was the multiple USSR champion Claudia Aleshina, who in 1935 set the all-Union record in 400 m backstroke (Aleshina holds 180 national records in total) - 6 minutes 7.2 seconds, which was more than 5 seconds higher than the then world record. Semyon Boychenko exceeded world records 8 times in the 100 and 200 m breaststroke and butterfly. Leonid Meshkov improved world records 13 times.

A new stage in the history of Soviet navigation begins after the Great Patriotic War. Competitions are resuming. Winter and summer swimming pools are being built. In 1947, the All-Union Swimming Section of the USSR (since 1959 – the All-Union Swimming Federation) joined FINA, and two years later – the Leningrad Region. In 1952 our swimmers made their debut at the Olympic Games, and in 1954 at the European Championships.

Our first Olympic success came in 1956, when Kharis Yunichev became third in the 200 m breaststroke, and our team won bronze medals in the 4x200 freestyle relay. In the overall team competition, the Soviet swimmers team took 7th place.

The real rise of domestic swimming in the international arena began in the 60s. Galina Stepanova-Prozumenshchikova in 1964 received our first Olympic “gold” in swimming - at a distance of 200 m breaststroke, “bronze” went to Svetlana Babanina. For men, Georgy Prokopenko was second at the same distance. Soviet swimmers were third in the 4x100 freestyle medley relay.

Prozumenshchikova will add two silver and two bronze medals to her treasury at the next two Olympics. Vladimir Kossinsky was second twice in Mexico City-68 - in breaststroke distances. Nikolai Pankin received bronze. In addition, the men's swimming team received a silver and two bronze medals in the relays in Mexico City, as well as a silver and a bronze in Munich. Another success of the 1972 Olympic Games was Vladimir Bure’s third place in the 100-meter freestyle.

In 1976, our women's trio Marina Koshevaya, Marina Yurchenya and Lyubov Rusanova confidently performed at the Olympic Games, taking the first three places in the 200 m breaststroke, while Koshevaya set a new world record. Rusanova and Koshevaya also received silver and bronze in the 100-meter breaststroke. The overall result of the performance of our swimmers in Montreal was 9 medals (1+3+5) and third place in the team swimming competition.

Soviet swimmers won eight victories at the Moscow Olympics. First of all, the success of Vladimir Salnikov, who became a three-time champion of the Games (twice in individual events and once in the relay) and set a world record in 1500 m freestyle swimming. At the 1988 Olympics he won another gold. Igor Polyansky excelled in the 200m backstroke in Seoul.

The current stage in the development of domestic swimming.

The All-Russian Swimming Federation was created in 1993. It is headed by G.P. Aleshin (he is also vice-president of the Leningrad Region and a member of the FINA Bureau). The Federation holds national championships, open water swimming competitions (including marathon distances), championships among universities, championships of the Russian Armed Forces and among veterans, the Russian Cup among federal districts, etc. There are many international competitions taking place in Russia.

In the 1990s, our swimmers achieved considerable success on the international stage, including at the Olympics. In Barcelona-92, where we competed as the United Team of the CIS countries, Evgeny Sadovy, who became first three times (including the relay), and Alexander Popov, who won 2 golds, distinguished themselves. At the same time, Sadovy set two world records. In total, our swimmers won 10 medals (6+3+1) and took first place in the team competition.

Popov repeated his success – at the same distances – at the Games in Atlanta-96. His national team partner Denis Pankratov put an end to American hegemony in two more types of programs: 100 and 200 m butterfly. Having received a total of 8 medals (4+2+2), the Russian swimming team came second.

The Russians' performance in Sydney 2000 was unsuccessful: only Popov won silver and Roman Sludnov won bronze.

The most titled of the current Russian swimmers is Popov, who, in addition to the Olympic Games, has won European and world championships more than once and set many world records (his achievement in the 100-meter freestyle in the “short course”, set in March 1994, has not yet been achieved by anyone surpass).

Konstantin Petrov

The list includes athletes who have the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR in the following sports: speed swimming with fins, scuba diving, and underwater orienteering. Contents 1 1975 2 1979 3 1982 4 1985 ... Wikipedia

Honored Master of Sports is an honorary sports title. Standard abbreviation in sports reference literature ZMS. The title “Honored Master of Sports” was established in the USSR in 1934 (since 1983 the official name is ... ... Wikipedia

Honored Master of Sports is an honorary sports title. Standard abbreviation in sports reference literature ZMS. The title “Honored Master of Sports” was established in the USSR in 1934 (since 1983 the official name “Honored Master ... Wikipedia

Honored Master of Sports is an honorary sports title. Standard abbreviation in sports reference literature ZMS. The title “Honored Master of Sports” was established in the USSR in 1934 (since 1983 the official name “Honored Master ... Wikipedia

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, which destroyed capitalist production relations, sport swimming, in particular, began to develop rapidly in the country. The development of swimming was initially ensured by the activities of the Vsevobuch, whose program included swimming along with other elements of military training for pre-conscripts. The head of Vsevobuch N.I. Podvoisky attached great importance to teaching young people to swim.

Swimming was included in the program of the Higher Military School of Physical Education of the Red Army named after. V.I. Lenin, into the program of district courses for physical training instructors for the Red Army, into the program of Moscow, Leningrad and other institutes and technical schools of physical culture. Subsequently, in the 50s, physical education departments were opened in some pedagogical institutes, where swimming was also taught. Qualified personnel trained in these educational institutions played an important role in the development of swimming in our country.

On the other hand, expanding the material base for swimming, the construction of water stations, summer and winter pools has created favorable opportunities for involving the broad masses of youth and children in swimming.

IN research institutes of physical culture, especially in the Central Moscow and Leningrad, as well as in the swimming departments of educational institutes of physical culture, current issues of the theory of swimming are being developed - rational swimming techniques, methods of teaching swimming, training methods. The coaching staff is widely involved in this research and scientific-methodological work. A number of programs, textbooks and teaching aids on swimming are published for sections of physical education groups, for the training of social instructors, for technical schools and institutes of physical education, etc. Many of the Soviet books have been translated into foreign languages ​​and are popular among foreign swimmers.
This literature equips teacher-coaches and swimmers with modern knowledge in the field of swimming, helps in organizing, teaching and training swimmers.

In 1918, the first competitions in swimming in Moscow on Vorobyovy Gory, organized by the Moscow River Yacht Club. In Moscow, Petrograd and other cities, the material base for the development of swimming is being created.

In 1920 in Petrograd is being organized V. N. Peskov, E. I. Lustallo, D. A. Kradman, A. Ch. Skrzhinsky, S. S. Utekhin, O. B. Efremov and others, the sports swimming society “Dolphin”. It was a public organization, first under the Political Directorate of the Baltic Fleet, and then under the Provincial Vsevobuch. The activities of “Dolphin” were led by a board of directors elected by the general meeting of society members.

« Dolphin“had a school in which education and economic services were carried out on a voluntary basis. The number of society members ranged from 150 to 300 people. Sports specialization did not exist in those years - the same people swam, jumped from the platform and from the springboard, and played water polo.

Due to the fact that the temperature water in the Neva, flowing from the cold Lake Ladoga, it is low and rarely reaches 18 ° C; The sailing season at Dolphin was very short: about two months (from half June to half August). Therefore, the athletic results of the Dolphin swimmers were quite modest. A. Skrzhinsky showed 1.20.5 in the 100 m freestyle in the competition, V. Belyaev showed 3.23 in the 200 m breaststroke.

Twice a month on Sundays at Dolphin» swimmers' holidays were organized, the program of which included, in addition to sports performances, demonstration performances - figure swimming, demonstration of rescuing a drowning person, comic diving from a tower and springboard, long and deep diving, swimming with obstacles, swimming in clothes, in the evening diving from a tower and swimming with torches, entire comic pantomimes were staged, etc. The society organized two mass propaganda swims during the summer: 1 and 3 km along the Middle Nevka and Bolshaya Neva.

These passages that were carried out, from 1919 to the mid-30s, played a significant role in the popularization of swimming. Suffice it to say that in some years up to 200 swimmers took part in swims along the Bolshaya Neva from Liteiny to the Republican Bridge. The number of spectators on the banks of the Neva and on the bridges reached 150 thousand. Subsequently, the swims were moved to the Middle Nevka in the area of ​​the Kirov Islands and lost their significance.

Members of the society " Dolphin"traveled to Moscow and successfully participated in swimming and water polo competitions there in 1923 and 1925. E. I. Lustallo, A. Ch. Skrzhinsky, O. B. Efremov, N. A. worked as social teachers Butovich, S. D. Smirnov and others.

« Dolphin"had a swimming pool 50x8 m, which was a wooden barge converted and sunk for this purpose, a diving tower initially 10 m high, and then built up to 16 m, small stands on the shore and several rooms in one of the Petrograd mansions on the Malaya Nevka River .

« Dolphin"had a significant impact on the development of swimming, diving and water polo not only in Leningrad, but also in the country. Famous athletes and coaches in the field of swimming, diving and water polo grew up and formed at Dolphin:
A. Ch. Skrzhinsky, A. A. Matavkin, S. D. and A. D. Smirnov, V. M. Belyaev, V. F. Kitaev, V. P. Podzhukevich, G. P. Chernov, G. G Mazurov et al.

In 1926, on the basis of the society " Dolphin“The swimming school of the Leningrad Regional Council of Professional Unions (LOSPS) was organized, and the Dolphin society ceased to exist.
In 1921, a school was opened in Moscow on the Moskva River. swimming in honor of the III Congress of the Comintern, where the first individual all-Russian swimming championship after October was played in 1921, in which some Ukrainian swimmers also participated. The best results were achieved by: V. Furmanyuk (Kyiv) in the 100 m freestyle - 1.16.0 and A. Matveev (Moscow) in the 200 m breaststroke - 3.33.0.

This was the third national championship swimming, counting two pre-revolutionary championships in 1913 at the Kyiv and 1914 at the Riga All-Russian Olympiads.

The national championship is the main traditional competition, the program of which, timing and scoring system determine the direction of development of sports swimming in the country, planning and content of training for Soviet swimmers. Many different options for the organization, program and championship scoring system were tested. At the beginning of 1921, 1922. these were individual championships, where only the individual results of swimmers were taken into account, then, starting in 1923, personal-team championships began to be played, where both individual and team results were taken into account.

Team Championships were carried out both on a territorial and departmental basis, i.e. in some years the teams were recruited on the basis of territorial, administrative division - from territories, regions or from national republics, in other years - from public sports organizations and departments: All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, Dynamo , “Spartak”, CDSA, etc. There were years (1936, 1945, 1946) when the USSR held two championships a year - an individual (in April) and a team or individual-team championship in August - September. The score also changed. In the first post-revolutionary years, the victory of a team was determined by the places occupied by its participants.