History of figure skating. Performed by: Lyudmila Ivanovna Grabovetskaya, physical education teacher at MBOU “Secondary School No. 13”, Irkutsk region Skates, history
- The first devices for moving on ice, which we know about from archaeological excavations and from literature, were made from animal bones. Such skate bones have been found in the Netherlands, Denmark, Bavaria, Bohemia, Switzerland, England, Norway, Sweden and the Soviet Union. Skates are one of the oldest inventions of mankind. Carved from wood or carved from animal bones and attached to a boot, skates made it possible to quickly move across ice-covered ground. In Siberia they rode on walrus tusks, in China - on bamboo trunks. And the skates found by archaeologists in Kazakhstan near Borovoe Lake were made from the shin bone of a horse. A similar skate is kept in the London Museum - a long, sharpened bone with a slot for a lace. This skate was found in Moorefield in 1839. The British Museum displays bone skates that were used to skate almost two thousand years ago. These skates were found in the last century.
- And more recently, in 1967, on the banks of the Southern Bug and a dry estuary near Odessa, archaeologists discovered the most ancient skates ever found; these skates belonged to the Cimmerians, a nomadic tribe that lived 3,200 years ago in the Northern Black Sea region. The Chimerians were already skating during the Bronze Age. These devices were made from the bones of domestic animals. The bone was ground down on one side, and special holes were made at its ends for attaching to shoes. The first skates were actually a prototype of skis and did not have pointed ribs. Repulsion had to be done using sticks. But still, movement on the ice-covered surface was much faster and more confident. Similar bone skates existed in ancient times, and archaeologists attribute some of them to the Stone Age. In age, they are superior to the “equipment” of the ancient Dutch and Danes in Scandinavia; skates appeared only in the Viking Age. Bone skates appeared in Russia almost 3 thousand years ago.
- The birth of figure skating as a sport is associated with the moment when skates began to be made from gland, not from bones. According to research, this first happened in Holland, V XII-XIV century. Initially, figure skating was a competition in the skill of drawing various figures on the ice, while maintaining a beautiful pose.
- The first figure skating clubs appeared in the 18th century in the British Empire in Edinburgh (1742 G.). It was there that a list of figures required to be performed in competitions was developed, as well as the first official competition rules. Artillery Lieutenant Robert Jones published A Treatise on Skating ( 1772 g.), in which he described all the main figures that were then known .
- From Europe figure skating got into USA And Canada, where it received enormous development. Numerous figure skating clubs were created here, new models of skates were developed, and their own school of technology was created. By the middle of the 19th century, almost all modern figures were already known in figure skating. required figures and the basic technical techniques for their execution, as evidenced by the books “The Art of Skating” by D. Anderson, president of the city skating club Glasgow, and the work of H. Vanderwel and T. Maxwell Whitman from London. These books contain descriptions of all eights, threes, hooks and other simple maneuvers figure skating
- At the 1st Skating Congress in 1871 figure skating was recognized as a sport.
- IN 1882 V Vienna The first official figure skating competitions in Europe took place. True, initially, as A.N. Mishin notes, “it was a kind of behind-the-scenes competition,” since only a few athletes took part in them.
- But the approach to competitions changed after the best skaters from all over the world were invited to competitions in St. Petersburg in 1890, dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the skating rink in the Yusupov Garden. The following people came to St. Petersburg: US champion L. Rubenstein, German champion F. Kaiser, the best skaters from Sweden, Austria, Finland, England, Holland, Sweden, Norway. The competition acquired the status of an “unofficial world championship”; the winner of these competitions in all types of the program became an honorary member of the “St. Petersburg Society of Skating Amateurs” Alexey Pavlovich Lebedev.
- Next year in 1891 V Hamburg, took place first European Championship in men's single skating (the German figure skater won Oscar Uhlig).
- Officially the first world championship among women singles passed at the end of January 1906 V Davos (Switzerland). Mandatory figures for women and men were similar, but the women's free skating immediately attracted attention with its high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.
- Obviously, pair figure skating appeared immediately after Haynes demonstrated how to dance on ice; already in 1897 it was codified as a sport. But officially the first competitions took place only in 1908 V St. Petersburg. German skaters Anna Huebler And Heinrich Burger went down in history as the first Olympic champions in pair skating.
- The most titled pre-war figure skater - single skater Sonya Henie(Norway). Brilliantly trained both as a speed skater and as a dancer, Sonya raised women's skating to new heights - her free programs at that time were unattainably complex, more like ballet. Not surprisingly, she won ten world championships and three Olympics before turning pro. Of the men, the Austrian achieved the greatest heights Karl Schaefer.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
2 slide
Slide description:
3 slide
Slide description:
4 slide
Slide description:
5 slide
Slide description:
In honor of recognition of Russia's special merits, St. Petersburg was chosen as the venue for the first official World Championship. Only 4 participants took to the ice: silver medalist of the European Championships, Austrian G. Hugel, bronze medalist of the European Championships, German G. Fuchs, and Russian figure skaters G. Sanders and N. Poduskov. The winner was the figure skater from Munich G. Fuchs. This is how men's single skating took shape as a sport, approved at the first speed skating congress in America, and then in Europe by the Vienna Skating Society (1871).
6 slide
Slide description:
7 slide
Slide description:
Figure skating in Russia has been popular since the time of Peter I. The Russian Tsar brought home the first samples of skates to Europe. It was Peter who came up with a new way of attaching skates - directly to boots, and thus created the prototype of today's equipment for skaters. The name "skates" probably arose because the front of the wooden "runners" was usually decorated with a horse's head. In 1938, the first textbook for figure skaters, “Winter Fun and the Art of Skating,” was published in St. Petersburg. Its author was G.M. Pauli is a gymnastics teacher at military educational institutions in St. Petersburg. Russian skating itself originated in 1865. Then a public skating rink was opened in Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street, which from the very first days became a center for training figure skaters. The skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia. On March 5, 1978, the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place there. The “Society of Skating Lovers,” organized in St. Petersburg in 1881, included about 30 people. One of the most famous sports and public figures was the Honorary Member of this society, Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky. A good athlete himself (he performed and was among the judges at international competitions), he did a lot to improve technique and build the theory of figure skating. DEVELOPMENT OF FIGURE SKATING IN RUSSIA
8 slide
Slide description:
Slide 9
Slide description:
Pair skating includes compulsory, free and short programs. The free program in pair skating in its structure and character resembles the free composition of singles, since it includes elements of single skating, but pair skating is also characterized by its own specific elements: lifts, strokes, twists... Nina and Stanislav Zhuk were the first to achieve success. During 1968-1960 they performed brilliantly at the European championships, winning silver medals Pair skating Nina and Stanislav Zhuk
10 slide
Slide description:
11 slide
Slide description:
12 slide
Slide description:
Ice dancing is the youngest form of figure skating. The program consists of compulsory, original and free dances. Each dance has a strictly defined pattern, strictly defined steps. The main emphasis in their performance is on synchronized parallel skating. In 1975, the dancers prepared a special program for the Olympic Committee to convince them to include this event in the Olympics. The best couples in the world demonstrated complex and virtuoso programs at the Olympic Stadium in Innsbruck. The issue was resolved. Already in 1976, L. Pakhomova and A. Gorshkov brilliantly won the title of the first Olympic champions in ice dancing. Repeated champions of Europe and the world L. Pakhomova and A. Gorshkov began their triumphal march in 1970, replacing the British, who had previously been leaders. They set the tone in world figure skating, their dances are the flesh of Russian classical ballet. Ice dancing
Slide 13
Slide description:
In dancing, Natalya Bestemyanova and Andrei Bukin achieved stratospheric heights: four world champion titles, four gold medals at the European Championships and, finally, victory at the 1988 Olympic Games. Tatiana Navka and Roman Kostomarov. Their programs captivate with the brightness and originality of their images and, at the same time, with the most complex technical elements. Olympic champions 2006 World champions 2004 European champions 2004, 2005 Russian champions 2003, 2004
Slide 14
Slide description:
Single skating includes 1) compulsory program, 2) short program, 3) free skating. Single men's skating And the pioneer in men's single skating was S. Chetverukhin. It was he who managed to become the first among our singles skaters to become a silver medalist at the World, European and Olympic Games (Sapporo 1972). The next generation managed to win the highest awards. At the European Championships - 1975, V. Kovalev managed to do this for the first time. A month later, S. Volkov took the lead at the World Championships. In 1977 and 1979 V. Kovalev became world champion. At the 1976 Olympic Games he won silver, and a year later at the World Championships in Tokyo, Kovalev proved that he was the strongest in single skating. S. Chetverukhin Vladimir Kovalev (pictured on the right) at a competition in Karl-Marx-Stadt
Figure skating
Prepared
primary school teacher
GBOU Gymnasium No. 1592
Maslova Irina Vladimirovna
and 8th grade student “F”
GBOU School No. 1794
Maslova Anna
What is figure skating?
- Figure skating is a speed skating sport.
When did figure skating begin?
- Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the 60s of the 19th century.
Main idea -
- the movement of an athlete or a pair of skaters on ice with the performance of additional elements (rotation, jumps, combinations of steps, lifts, etc.) to music.
When was the first competition?
- The first competitions took place in Vienna in 1882 among men's figure skaters. Women figure skaters received the opportunity to participate in the world championships only after 10 years. (1901)
What were the first skates?
- The very first skates were bone skates made from the limbs of large animals. Then there were iron skates.
A singles skater must demonstrate:
- mastery of all groups of elements - steps, spirals, rotations, jumps. Important criteria are also: the connection of the athlete’s movements with the music, plasticity, aesthetics and artistry.
- Steps are combinations of pushes and basic skating elements - arcs, triples, constrictions, brackets, hooks, hooks and loops, with the help of which the skater moves around the area. Steps serve to connect elements in a program. In addition, step tracks are a mandatory element of the program.
2. Spirals
- Spiral - a position with one skate on the ice and the free leg above hip level. The positions of the spirals differ from each other by the sliding leg, the edge (external, internal), the direction of sliding and the position of the free leg (backward, forward, sideways). In order for the spiral to be counted, you must be in the position for at least 7 seconds.
3.Rotations
- There are different types of rotations: standing (“tilt”), rotation in a squat (“top”) and rotation in the “swallow” position (Libela).
- Jumps are divided into rib and toe (tooth) jumps. The repulsion from the ice in edge jumps occurs from the edge of the skate, in toe jumps - by pushing the toe of the skate. Now skaters perform 6 types of jumps - toe loop, salchow, loop, flip, lutz and axel.
1.Support
- Lifts are essential elements in pairs figure skating.
2.Twists
- Twist - In a twist, the partner throws his partner into the air, catches her and places her on the ice. In the air, the partner rotates (“spins”), like in a jump, only at a higher altitude. She acquires this rotation with the help of the efforts of her partner and her own group. The partner must catch the partner by the waist before landing.
3.Emissions
- A throw is a jump with the help of a partner, in which the partner is thrown into the air by the partner at the takeoff and lands without the help of a partner on the back outer edge. It is a mandatory element in pairs figure skating.
- Todes (from German Todesspirale - “spiral of death”) is an element of pairs figure skating on ice, when the partner describes a spiral around her partner.
Winter sports
Figure skating
- Figure skating - speed skating sport. The main idea of figure skating is the movement of an athlete or a pair of skaters on ice, changing the direction of gliding and performing additional elements (rotation, jumps, combinations of steps, lifts, etc.) to music.
YESTERDAY AND TODAY
Skaters 1908
Skaters of 2008
- Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the 60s of the 19th century. The first competition took place in Vienna in 1882 among male figure skaters.
- In 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympics. It should be noted that figure skating is the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic program. Since 1924, it has always been included in the program of the Winter Olympic Games.
- Figure skating in Russia has been known since the time of Peter I. The Russian Tsar brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Peter I who came up with a new way of attaching skates - directly to boots, and thus created a “protomodel” of today’s equipment for skaters.
- Russian figure skating, as a separate sport, originated in 1865. Then a public skating rink was opened in the Yusupov Garden on Sadovaya Street. This skating rink was the most comfortable in Russia and from the very first days it became a center for training figure skaters. On March 5, 1878, the first competition of Russian figure skaters took place there.
Figure skates
- The prototype of the modern skate is considered to be the skate of D. Gates. This model has essentially remained unchanged to this day under the name “Snow Maidens”. The toe of the skate with a thick blade is sharply curved upward and has no teeth, so you can ride on them not only on ice, but also on hard-packed, icy snow. This is where the Russian name for this common model comes from.
Vintage skates
- The blade of a modern skate is made of high-quality, alloyed, most often chrome-vanadium steel. Hardening and carburization are carried out in such a way that the skate runner and the lower part of the side surfaces of the blade have the greatest hardness, while the rest of the blade remains not so hard and the skate retains the necessary elasticity.
- The blade is welded to two plates with holes through which the skate is attached to the sole and heel of the boot with special screws.
- In figure skating there are 5 disciplines: men's single skating, women's single skating, pairs figure skating, sports dancing and group synchronized skating. Group synchronized skating is not yet included in the program of official competitions; a separate world championship in synchronized skating is held for this type of figure skating.
Single skating
Men's single skating
Men's single skating
- A skater in single skating must demonstrate mastery of all groups of elements - steps, spirals, rotations, jumps. The higher the quality and complexity of the elements performed, the higher the level of the athlete. Important criteria are also: the connection of the athlete’s movements with the music, plasticity, aesthetics and artistry.
- Single skating competitions take place in 2 stages : First step - short program , second phase - free program.
Pairs figure skating
Pair skating
Dance Sport
Pair skating
- The task of athletes in pair skating is to demonstrate mastery of the elements in such a way as to create the impression of unity of action.
- In pair skating, along with traditional elements (steps, spirals, jumps), there are elements that are performed only in this type of figure skating: these are lifts, twists, throws, todes, joint and parallel rotations. An important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronization of the elements.
Dance Sport
- In ice dancing, from a technical point of view, the main attention is paid to the joint execution of dance steps in standard and non-standard dance positions, and long separations of partners are not allowed. Unlike pair figure skating, sports dancing does not have jumps, throws and other distinctive elements of pair figure skating.
- In sports dancing, an important component of success is the smoothness of movements and the attractive appearance of the couple, so much attention is paid to musical accompaniment and careful selection of costumes for each competition program. Thanks to this, sports dancing is one of the most spectacular areas in figure skating.
- The synchronized skating team consists of 16 to 20 skaters. The team can include women and men. Neither the technique, nor the gliding, nor the execution of individual elements in synchronized skating differ from classical figure skating. But there is a certain specificity of skating in a team, which makes its own adjustments to the execution of elements. The goal is to perform as a team as a whole.
Figure skating at the Olympics
Since 1924 -
single skating, men and women. Pair skating.
Since 1976 - ice dancing, couples.
Inserting a picture
Skater show
Often figure skaters take part in various shows in which their skills are assessed not by judges, but by spectators.
Figure skating
Two metal brothers
How they grew together with the shoes,
Wanted to go for a ride
Top! - onto the ice and off we went.
Ay, yes brothers, ay, easy! What are the brothers' names? (SKATES)
How beautiful they are on ice:
Both athletes and artists,
And they dance just great!
Who is this? -...(Skaters).
Figure skating is one of the most beautiful sports. Its essence lies in the movement of an athlete or a couple on skates on ice with changes in the direction of gliding and the performance of additional elements (rotation, jumps, combinations of steps, lifts, etc.) to music.
The origins of figure skating lie in the distant past, and go back to the Bronze Age (late 4th - early 1st millennium BC), as evidenced by archaeological finds - bone skates made from the phalanges of the limbs of large animals.
However, the birth of figure skating as a sport is associated with the moment when skates began to be made of iron rather than bone. According to research, this first happened in Holland, in the 12th-14th centuries.Initially, figure skating was a competition in the skill of drawing various figures on the ice, while maintaining a beautiful pose.
The first figure skating clubs appeared in the 18th century in the British Empire in Edinburgh (1742). It was there that a list of figures required to be performed in competitions was developed, as well as the first official competition rules.
In 1882, the first official figure skating competition in Europe took place in Vienna.
Figure skating in Russia has been known since the time of Peter I. The Russian Tsar brought the first samples of skates from Europe. It was Peter I who came up with a new way of attaching skates - directly to boots - and thus created a “protomodel” of today’s equipment for skaters.
Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the middle of the 19th century, although at first only male singles competed in it.
It is interesting that at the beginning of the 20th century, figure skating was on the program of the Summer Olympic Games, and when the Winter Games began (since 1924), figure skaters began to compete for Olympic awards in the winter.
For a long time, three types of figure skating were Olympic: women's, men's and pairs. Ice dancing was only included in the Olympic Games in 1976.At the Sochi Olympics, figure skaters will compete for five sets of medals: in pairs skating, men's singles, women's singles, ice dancing and, for the first time, in team competitions.
Men's and women's singles skating
Pair skating
Dance Sport
Synchronized skating - team composition 16-20 skaters,The goal is to perform as a team as a whole. It is not an Olympic sport.
In figure skating, there are 4 main, basic elements: steps, spirals, rotations and jumps.
There are also a number of specific elements performed in one type of figure skating, for example, lifts, twists, throws, and tops in pair skating.
Figure skating is good for your health. Under such loads, metabolism increases and the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are intensively activated. It has a beneficial effect on posture, harmoniously develops the figure, and develops such physical qualities as general endurance, agility, flexibility, trains the functioning of the vestibular apparatus
ON THE RINK
The skates are shining, the skating rink is shining,
Fluffy snow sparkles,
Put on your skates, my friend,
Try it for a ride.
Let the frost pinch you -
Look, don't be scared.
Let him freeze to tears -
Don't give in to him!
Don't back down, slide forward
Fly faster than a bird.
Frost is angry and lags behind
From those who are not afraid!
Loading...