The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let us present, in chronological order, brief descriptions of the seven most significant trips around the world of our compatriots.

The first Russian trip around the world - Around the World Expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation.

The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803, under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:

• Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda". The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
• Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Kruzenshtern’s condition

In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.

On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.

And now, to answer the question: “Which Russian was the first to travel around the world?”, You can answer without difficulty.

Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev

Aivazovsky’s work “Ice Mountains in Antarctica”, written based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev

In 1819, after long and very careful preparation, a south polar expedition set off from Kronstadt on a long voyage, consisting of two military sloops - “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, experienced sailors. There was a long journey ahead to unknown countries. The expedition was given the task of how to penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the Southern Continent.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea and covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef were discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of ​​Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered a huge continent located around the South Pole, but also conducted important research in the field of oceanography. This branch of spiders was just emerging at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical areas.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Amazingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, then scientists argued for more than a hundred years about what had been discovered. Was it a mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common cap of ice? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. The continental nature of Antarctica was finally confirmed only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy research using complex technical means.

Traveling around the world by bike

On August 10, 1913, the finish line of a round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was ridden by a 25-year-old Russian athlete, Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.

This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. Countries from almost all of Europe were included in it. Having left Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Konigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to ride a bicycle through snow-covered rocky passes that are accessible only to experienced climbers. It took a lot of effort for the cyclist to overcome the mountains. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, Serbia, Greece and Turkey. He simply had to sleep under the starry sky; often he only had water and bread for food, but he still did not stop traveling.

After crossing the Pas-de-Calais by boat, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also arrived in America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and rode the entire American continent, following the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route - Harbin.

A distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered on a bicycle. His father suggested that Onesimus make such a journey around the earth

Pankratov's trip around the world was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritzner bicycle helped him travel around the world; during the trip, Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 steering wheels, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.

Around the Earth - the first space flight

At 9 o'clock 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having flown around the globe, he returned safely to Earth 108 minutes later. There was a pilot-cosmonaut, Major, on board the ship.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.

The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger on the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the entire flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.

In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After successfully carrying out the planned research and completing the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the satellite ship "Vostok" made a safe landing in a given area of ​​the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.

The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by telephone to the commander of the air defense division:

Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin

Immediately after Gagarin’s landing, the burnt descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the sensitive territory of the royal OKB-1. Later it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was quite difficult - only as part of a group, with a preliminary letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly accessible, as part of the exhibition.

First circumnavigation of a submarine without surfacing

February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world voyage of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet began. Moreover, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, underwater, without surfacing even in little-studied areas of the Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of Soviet submariners had outstanding national significance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of submariners of the Great Patriotic War.

25 thousand miles were covered and the highest degree of secrecy was demonstrated; the voyage took 1.5 months

Two serial production submarines without any modifications were allocated to participate in the campaign. The K-116 missile boat of Project 675 and the second K-133 boat of Project 627A, which has torpedo armament.

In addition to its enormous political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of the scientific and technological achievements and military power of the state. The campaign showed that the entire oceans have become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific fleets. In a broader sense, we can say that at the height of the Cold War, the historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the World Ocean, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.

The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations on a 5.5 meter long dinghy

On July 7, 1992, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Gvozdev set off from Makhachkala on his first solo circumnavigation of the world on the yacht “Lena” (micro class, length only 5.5 meters). On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it took 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations made on an ordinary pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev went on a long-awaited trip around the world when he was 58 years old.

Surprisingly, the ship did not have an auxiliary engine, radio, autopilot or cooker. But there was a treasured “sailor’s passport”, which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Evgeny Gvozdev cross the border in the direction he needed: subsequently Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali “guerrillas” who, at Cape Ras Hafun, robbed him completely and almost shot him.

His entire first trip around the world can be described in one word: “in spite of.” The chance of survival was too slim. Evgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: this is a world similar to a single brotherhood of good people, a world of complete selflessness, a world without obstacles to global circulation...

In a hot air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov

Fyodor Konyukhov was the first in the world to fly around the Earth in a hot air balloon (on his first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main one of which was the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design that combined the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola equipped with the best technical instruments was attached below, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.

I thought that I had committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here

The journey took place under extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon found itself in a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and there was also a cyclone with hail and strong winds. Due to difficult weather conditions, the equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually fix the problems.

During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took an adjustable wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand released the key, it fell onto the plate, making a noise, causing the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he performed this procedure regularly. It nearly exploded at a great height when different types of gas mistakenly began to mix. It’s good that I managed to cut off the flammable cylinder.
Along the entire route, air traffic controllers at various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew across the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded a thunderstorm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and returned safely to Australia, where he began his journey.

Fedor Konyukhov:

I circled the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We don’t even think about it, we people only fight. The world is so beautiful - explore it, get to know it

The first circumnavigation of the world under the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The idea of ​​the expedition was in many ways a repetition of Columbus's idea: to reach Asia by heading west. The colonization of America had not yet brought significant profits, unlike the Portuguese colonies in India, and the Spaniards wanted to sail to the Spice Islands themselves and benefit. By that time it had become clear that America was not Asia, but it was assumed that Asia lay relatively close to the New World.

In March 1518, Ferdinand Magellan and Rui Faleiro, a Portuguese astronomer, appeared in Seville at the Council of the Indies and declared that the Moluccas - the most important source of Portuguese wealth - should belong to Spain, since they are located in the western, Spanish hemisphere (according to the treaty of 1494), but it is necessary to get to these “Spice Islands” by a western route, so as not to arouse the suspicions of the Portuguese, through the South Sea, opened and annexed by Balboa to the Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea there should be a strait south of Brazil.

After a long bargaining with the royal advisers, who negotiated for themselves a substantial share of the expected income and concessions from the Portuguese, an agreement was concluded: Charles 1 undertook to equip five ships and supply the expedition with supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleiro abandoned the enterprise, and Magellan became the sole leader of the expedition.

Magellan himself personally supervised the loading and packaging of food, goods and equipment. The provisions taken on board were crackers, wine, olive oil, vinegar, salted fish, dried pork, beans and beans, flour, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, sugar, quince jam, capers, mustard, beef and rice In case of clashes there were about 70 cannons, 50 arquebuses, 60 crossbows, 100 sets of armor and other weapons. For trade they took cloth, metal products, women's jewelry, mirrors, bells and mercury (it was used as a medicine).

Magellan raised the admiral's flag on the Trinidad. The Spaniards were appointed captains of the remaining ships: Juan Cartagena - “San Antonio”; Gaspar Quezada - "Concepcion"; Luis Mendoza - "Victoria" and Juan Serrano - "Santiago". The staff of this flotilla numbered 293 people; there were another 26 freelance crew members on board, among them the young Italian Antonio Pigafetga, the historian of the expedition. An international team set off on its first voyage around the world: in addition to the Portuguese and Spaniards, it included representatives of more than 10 nationalities from different countries of Western Europe.

On September 20, 1519, a flotilla led by Magellan left the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (the mouth of the Guadalquivir River).

O. R. TEBOPCH Y RETCHPE LTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOIE TPUYSO (1803-1806)

1. rPDZPFPCHLB LTHZPUCHEFOPK LUREDYGYY

pDOPK YЪ OBYVPMEE UMPTSOSHI ЪBDBU, U LPFPTPK TKHUULYE LPMPOY CH bNETYLE UFPMLOHMYUSH HCE CH RETCHSHE ZPDSH UCHPEZP UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYS, UFBMP UOBVTSEOYE YI RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN, PDETSD PK, PTHTSYEN, NPTULYNY RTYRBUBNYY F.D. lBL RTBCHYMP, CHUE OEPVIPDYNSCHE FPCHBTSH DPUFBCHMSMYUSH CH LPMPOY YUETE UYVYTSH UKHIYN RKHFEN Y RP TELBN DP pIPFULB, B ЪBFEN NPTEN DP rBCHMPCHULPK zBChBOY ABOUT P-CH lBDSHSL. RKHFSH YUETE VEDDPTPTSOHA Y NBMPOBUEMEOOKHA UYVYTSH, PIPFUL Y LBNYUBFLH VSHM FTHDEO Y UMPTSEO, FTEVPCHBM LPMPUUBMSHOSHHI UBFTBF Y RPDCHETZBM "PF RETECHPLY LBYEO OSCHI FSTSEUFEK» PZTPNOPNH YOKHTEOYA CHUA sLHFULHA PVMBUFSH. “fSTSEMPCHEUOSCH CHEY” CHPPVEE DPUFBCHMSFSH PLBYSCHCHBMPUSH OECHPNPTSOP, Y LPTBVEMSHOSH SLPTS RTYIPDYMPUSH TBTHVBFSH ABOUT YUBUFY Y ЪBFEN CH PIPFULE YI UCHBTYCHBFSH. h TEЪKHMSHFBFE "RTY CHEMILYI YDETTSLBY" OEMSHЪS VSHMP PTSYDBFSH DPMTSOPK RTPYUOPUFY. PUFBChMSMP TSEMBFSH NOPZP MHYUYEZP Y LBYUEUFChP UBNYI UKHDHR. pUFTP PEHEBMUS OEDPUFBFPL NBFETYBMPCH Y LCHBMYZHYYTPCHBOOSCHI NBUFETPCH. uPUFPSCHIYK ABOUT UMKHTSVE tbl NYUNBO z. y. dBCHSCHDPCH UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBM, YuFP UHDOP “uch. еMYЪBCHEFB", RPUFTPEOOPE CH PIPFULE, "YЪ MEUKH, ЪЪНПК UХВМЭOOПЗП, CHEUSH FBLEMBTTS PFNEOOOP IHD, VMPLY Y DTHZIE NEIBOYUEULYE RPUPVIS, LBBBMPUSH, UDEMBOSH VSHCHMY OE DMS PV MEZUEOYS, OP DMS JBFTKhDOEOYS TBVPF. with YUFYOOOP OE refinery UEVE RTEDUFBCHYFSH, RTYIPDYM L ЪBLMAYUEOYA PRSCHFOSCHK NPTSL, YUFPVSHCH OSHCHOEYOEN UPUFPSOY NPTERMBCHBOYS NPZMY ZDE-MYVP UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH UFPMSH IHDSCHE UH DB, LBL CH pIPFULE ".

OBTSDKH UP UOBVTSEOYEN THUULPK bNETYLY RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN YNEMYUSH Y DTHZYE CHBTsosche RTYYUYOSCH PFRTBCHLY CH 1803 Z. H RETCHHA LTHZPUCHEFOHA LUREDYGYA OEPVIPDYNPUFSH RPDLTERY FSH VEЪPRBUOPUFSH TPUUYKULYI CHMBDEOOK ABOUT FYIPPLEBOWLPN UECHETE, YJHYUEOYE NYTPCHPZP PLEBOB, RPMKHYUEOYE IPTPYEK RTBLFYLY DMS NPTSLPCH, PFLTSCHFYE FPTZPCHMY U sRPOEK Y LYFBEN Y DT. th NPTsOP FPMSHLP KhDYCHMSFShUS, YuFP LTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOYE KHDBMPUSH PUHEEUFCHYFSH FPMSHLP CH OBYUBME XIX Ch., IPFS CHUE RTEDRPUSCHMLY DMS LFPZP YNEMYUSH HTSE Ch XVIII Ch. eEE Ch 1722 z .g. y. UPKNPOPCH RTEDMBZBM REFTKH I PFRTBCHYFSH LPTBVMY YI LTPOUYFBDFB ABOUT lBNYUBFLH, RPULPMSHLH CHPNPTSOP "URPUPVOEE Y VEKHVSHFPYUOEE" DP FEI NEUF DPIPDYFSH, KHYUFSHCHBS, YFP "O" SCHOE ECHTPREKGSCH RPYUFY GEMSHCHE RPMLTHZB PVIPDYFSH RTYOKHTSDEOSCH ". DEUSFSH MEF URKHUFS CHPRTPU P RPUSCHMLE LPTBVMEK YU.-REFETVHTZB ABOUT LBNYUBFLH CHOPCHSH VSHM RPUFBCHMEO CH UCHSY U RPDZPFPCHLPK CHFPTK LUREDYGYY H. VETYOZB. TEYUSH YDEF PV Y'CHEUFOPN RTEDUFBCHMEOYY CHYGE-BDNYTBMB o. and. zPMPCHYOB booe yPBOOPCHOE PF 12 PLFSSVTS 1732 Z., “YUFPVSHCH VKHDHEHA CHEUOH PFRTBCHYFSH PFUADB CH LBNYUBFLH YUTE NPTE DCHB ZHTEZBFB CHPEOOSH TPUUYKULYE.., ABOUT LPFPTSCHI RPMPTSYFSH CHUSLPZP RTPCHYBOFKH CH ЪBRBU ABOUT ZPD YMY VPMSHYE..." PFUADB YUTE vPMSHYPE NPTE-PLEBO ЪBKNEF PLPMP 11 NEUSGECH, "RPOETSE ZBMBOULYE LPTBVMY CHUSLYK ZPD DP SRPOULYI PUFTTPCHPCH IPDSF Y OBBD CH 18 Y 16 NEUSGECH CHPCHTBE BAFUS."

h RPMOPK NETE RPONBS RTEINKHEEUFCHB PFRTBCHLY "LTHFPN UCHEFB" NPTULPC LUREDYGYY RP UTBCHOEYA U PZTPNOSCHNY FTHDOPUFSNY UKHIPRKHFOPZP RKHFEEUFCHYS YUTE UYVYTSH, B ЪBFEN UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB LPTBVMEK CH PIPFULE YMY ABOUT LBNYUBFLE, o. and. ZPMPCHYO RYUBM, UFP RPUME RTYVSHCHFYS DCHHI ZHTEZBFPCH YЪ lTPOUYFBDFB ABOUT LBNYUBFLH "POSCH NPZHF UOBVDYFSH LPNBODPTB VETYOZB Y EZP LPNBODKH NBFETYBMBNY Y DPCHPMSHOPA BNHOIG YEA" Y VHDEF "URPUPVOPPE VE CHUSLPZP PRBUEOYS CHEDE IPDYFSH Y CHSHYULICHBFSH CHUSLYE YENMY Y PUFTPCHB". rPNYNP "YYSHCHULBOYS" bNETYLY, zPMPCHYO RTEDCHYDEM, UFP CH TEKHMSHFBFE FBLYI LTHZPUCHEFOSHI LUREDYGYK NPMPDSHCHE "PZHYGETSCHY NBFTPUSH PVKHUBFUS VPMEE, OETSEMY RTY ЪDEYOEN NPTE, P 10 MEF ". l UPTsBMEOYA, RPTPELF BDNYTBMB zPMPCHYOB OE VSHM PUHEEUFCHMEO, B VETYOS Y yuYYLPCH RPMKHYUYMY RTEDRYUBOYE UFTPYFSH “DCHB RBLEFVPFB” ABOUT lBNYUBFLE .

h DBMSHOEKYEN YDES LTHZPUCHEFOSHI RMBCHBOYK CHSHCHDCHYZBMBUSH OEPDOPLTBFOP, OP CHUSLYK TB PUFBCHBMBUSH OETEBMYJPCHBOOPK. ьФПНХ URPUPVUFCHPCHBMP FP PVUFPSFEMSHUFChP, YuFP RPUME UNETFY rEFTB I ZHMPF RTYYEM CH KHRBDPL, YuFP KHDBMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH MYYSH CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE ELBFETYOSCH II. LUFBFY, YNEOOOP RTY ELBFETYOE II YDES RPUSHMLY LUREDYGYY YLTPOUYFBDFB L UECHETP-ЪBRBDOSCHN VETEZBN bNETYLY, LBBMPUSH, OBLPOEG RPMKHYYMB RTBLFYUEULPE PDPVTEOY E. ьFPNH RPNPZMB OBNEOFBS LUREDYGYS dts. lHLB, LPFPTBS MYYYMB tPUUYA NPOPRPMYY ABOUT PFLTSCHFYS ABOUT LTBKOEN UECHTE bNETILBOULZP LPOFYEOFB Y UDEMBMB BLFHBMSHOPK ЪBEIFH TKHUULYI CHMBDEOOK. 22 DELBVTS 1786 Z. RPUMEDPCHBMY KHLBYOSCH ELBFETYOSCH II lPMMEZYY YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM, bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYK, B FBLCE YTLHFULPNKH ZHVETOBFPTKH y.ch. SLPVY, LPFPTSCHE RTYYCHBOSHCH VSHMY PVEUREYUYFSH PITBOKH PFLTSCHFSHCHI TPUUYEK YENEMSH Y PUFTPPCHPCH ABOUT FYIPPLEBOULPN UECHTE. uPPFCHEFUFCHOOOP bDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYS OBYUMB LPNBODITPN LTHZPUCHEFOPZP RMBCHBOYS LBRYFBOB I TBZB z. y. nHMPCHULPZP Y CHSHCHDEMYMB CH EZP TBURPTSCEOYE YuEFSHTE LPTBVMS (“lPMNPZPT”, “uPMPCHLY”, “uPLPM” Y “fBTHIFBO”), B FBLCE FTBOURPTFOPE UKHDOP, OBZTHTSEOOPE RKHYLBNY, FBLEMBTSE "Y DTHZYYY CHEBNYY, OHTSOSCHNYY DMS pIPFULPZP RPTFB Y DTHZYI FBNPYOYI RPTFPCH ". h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U RPDTPVOSHNYOBUFBCHMEOYSNY BDNYTBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYK LUREDYGYS nHMPCHULPZP DPMTSOB VSHMB PVPZOKHFSH NSCHU dPVTPK OBDETDSCH, RTPKFY YuETE ъPODULYK RTPMYCH Y CHDPMSH sRPOYY, DPUFYZOKHFSH lBNUBFLY, B UBFEN Y VETEZPCH bNETYLY CHRMPFSH DP oKHFLY. GEMSH RMBCHBOYS UPUFPSMB CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH CH FPN, YUFPVSH UPITSBOYFSH "RTBChP ABOUT ENMY, TPUUYKULINY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY PFLTSCHFSHCHE ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN NPTE, KHFCHETDYFSH Y ЪBEIFYFSH FPTZY RP NPTA, NETSDH LBNYUBFLPA Y ЪBRBDOSCHNY BNETYLBOWLINE VETESEBNY METSBEINY.” about CHOPCHSH PFLTSCHFSHI ENMSI, "LPFPTSCHE EEE OILBLPK ECHTPREKULPK DETSBCHE OE RPLPTEOSCH", nHMPCHULIK KHRPMOPNPYUYCHBMUS "FPTSEUFCHEOOP RPDOSFSH tPUUYKULYK ZHMBZ RP CHUEK HTSDOPUFY".

l PUEOY 1787 Z. RPDZPFPCHLB LUREDYGYY VSHMB RPMOPUFSHA UBCHETYOB, OP PUHEEUFCHYFSH ITS YJ-B PUMPTSOYCHYEKUS NETSDHOBTPDOPK PVUFBOPCHLY OE HDBMPUSH. 28 PLFSSVTS RPUMEDPCHBM KHLB ELBFETYOSCH II, CH LPFPTPPN YNRETBFTYGB “RPDZPFPCHMEOOKHA CH DBMSHOEEE RKhFEYUFCHYE” LUREDYGYA “RP OBUFPSEIN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBN” (ChPKOB U fHT GYEK o.v.) RPCHEMECHBMB PFNEOIFSH .

xTsE YЪ RTYCHPDYNSHI DBOOSHI CHYDOP, YuFP RTPELFSCH PTZBOYBGYY RMBCHBOYK YЪ u.-REFETVHTZB L UECHETP-ЪBRBDOSCHN VETEZBN bNETYLY CHSHCHDCHYZBMYUSH OEPDOPLTBFOP, Y MYYSH CH TEJHMSHFBFE OEVMBZPRTYSFOPZP UFEUEOOYS PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH RPDPVOBS LUREDYGYS OE VSHMB PUHEEUFCHMEOB . y. and. lTHYEOYFETO (1770-1846) UMHTSIM RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN z. y. nHMPCHULPZP Y VSHM IPTPYP PUCHEDPNMEO P RPDZPFPCHLE LTHZPUCHEFOPK LUREDYGYY 1787 Z. h DBMSHOEKYEN ON RPMKHYUYM VPMSHYP PRSHCHF DBMSHOYI RMBCHBOYK ABOUT VTYFBOULYI LPTBVMSI X VETEZ PCH UECHETOPK bNETYLY (1793), IPDYM CH ATSOKHA bNETYLKH Y PUF-YODYA (1797-1799). OEKhDYCHYFEMSHOP RPFPNH, YuFP YNEOOP lTHJEOYFETO BLFYCHOP CHSHCHUFKHRBM U ЪBRYULBNY PV PTZBOYBGYY LTHZPUCHEFOSHI LUREDYGYK YЪ lTPOOYFBDFB L VETEZBN LBNYUBFLY Y UECHETOPK BNETYLY.

хУИФШЧЧБС, УФП ПИФУЛ, лБНУБФЛБ И ТХУУЛБС bNETYLB FETREMY "VPMSHYPK OEDPUFBFPL CH TSYYOOOSCHY RTYRBUBI", lTHJEOYFETO CHNEUFP DPMZPK Y DPTPPZPK DPUFBCHLY OEPVIPDYNSHI ZTHЪPCH RP EARS RTEDMBZBM PFRTBCHMSFSH YI YЪ lTPOUYFBDFB NPTULINE RHFEN. h UCHPA PYUETEDSH, YURPMSHJHS UCHPY RPTFSCH ABOUT dBMSHOEN chPUFPLE Y CH UECHETOPK BNETYLE, TPUUYSOE NPZMY VSH UBBOSFSH DPUFPKOPE NEUFP CH FPTZPCHME U LYFBEN Y sRPOEK, CH YUBUFOPUFY RPUFBCHMSFSH Ch lBOFPO RKHYOSCH FPCHBTSHCH. lBL Y EZP RTEDYUFCHEOOILY, lTHYEOYFETO UYFBM, YUFP PDOP NPTULPE RKhFEYUFCHYE ABOUT lBNYUBFLH RTYOEUEF NPTSLBN VPMSHYE RPMSHSHCH, YUEN “DEUSFYMEFOEE LTEKUETUFChP CH vBMFYKUL PN NPTE", Y RTEDCHYDEM OBYUYFEMSHOSHCHSHCHZPDSH PF DPUFBCHLY FPCHBTPCH ABOUT dBMSHOYK chPUFPL NPTULYN RKHFEN Y PF PFLTSCHFYS FPTZPCHMY U chPUFPYUOPK YODYEK Y LYFBEN.

YDES RPUSHMLY NPTULPK LUREDYGYY Y LTPOYFBDFB CH TPUUYKULYE LPMPOY CH BNETYLE RPMKHYUMB RPDDETTSLH Y CH LTHZBI TPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULPK LPNRBBOYY. 29 YAMS 1802 Z. zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl PE "CHUERPDDBOEKYEN DPOUEOOYY" bMELUBODTKH I UPPVEIMP, YuFP UYFBEF OEPVIPDYNSCHN "RTYUFKHRYFSH L PFRTBCHMEOYA OSCHOE CH bNETYLH FTBOURPTFPCH UCH PYI PF uBOLF-REFETVHTZULPZP RPTFB" Y YURTBUYCHBMB ABOUT LFP "CHSHUPYUBKYEZP UPYCHPMEOYS". Chschzpdsh “PF PFrtbchmeis Yu Vbmpfyle h Bnetlah Ukhdpch” Dbchop Vshmy Pyuchydoshch, “OP OEPRSHFFOPUFFSH, RPPPPL RPPOPO” LBRPBMPCH “Chuzhdbbchmychbmy LPNRBOM”. FERETSH CE TBL VTBMB ABOUT UEVS UNEMPUFSH RTEDUFBCHYFSH YNRETBFPTH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH CHSHZPDSH, RTPYUFELBAEYE PF RTEDMBZBENPK "ELUREDYGY": RPDLTERMEOYE tHUULPK bNETYLY OEPVIPDYNSCHNY FPCH BTBNY, KHUIMEOYE THUULPZP RTYUHFUFCHYS ABOUT FYIPN PLEBOYE, PUCHPVPTSDEOOYE TSYFEMEK sLHFULPK PVMBUFY PF FSSEMSHI RETECHPPL (CH YUBUFOPUFY, SLPTEK) Y F. D. lPNRBOYS PUPVP PVTBEBBMB CHONBOYE ABOUT PFLTSCHFYE ChSHZPDOPZP DMS tPUUYY FPTZB U LYFBEN (CH lBOFPOE) Y sRPOYEK, B FBLCE YURTBOYCHBMB YЪ zPUKHDBTUFCHEOOPZP ЪBENOPZP VBOLB UU KDH CH 250 FSHU. THV. ABOUT 8 MEF U KHRMBFPK CHUEZP 2% CH ZPD.

uUSCHMBSUSH ABOUT UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHP th. and. lTHYEOYFETOB, tbl CHSHHTBTSBMB OBDETSDH, YuFP PFLTSCHFYE FPTZPCHMY U LYFBEN Y sRPOEK RPCHPMYF EK "CHSHCHYZTBFSH OBD YOPUFTBOOSCHNY OBTPDBNY RPCHETIOPUFSH". lTPNE FPZP, “HUPCHETYEOUFChPCHBCH ABOUT lHTYMSHULPN PUFTPCHE bMELUBODT OBYUBFPE ЪBUEMEOYE (YNEEFUS CH CHYDH P-CH хТХР. s.s.), NPTsEF LPNRBOYS OERTYNEFOSHN DMS sRPOY PVTB JPN PFLTSCHFSH U OEA FPTZPCHMA RPUTEDUFCHPN NPIOBFSHI LHTYMSHGPCH (BKOPCH o.v.) Y, LTPNE UMHTSBEYI L TPULPY CHEEK, CHCHNEOYCHBFSH KHOYI RYEOP Y DTHZYE L RYEE UMHTSBEYE RTPYYTBUFBOYS Y UP CHTENEOEN UOBVTSBFSH YNY LBNYUBFULHA Y PIPFULHA PVMBUFY ".

2. ABOUT O.R. TEBOPCHB Y PFRTBCHLB LUREDYGYY YJ u.-REFETVHTZB

iPFS CHUE PUOPCHOSCH RTEDMPTSEOYS zr tbl, CHLMAYUBS OBZTBTSDEOYE b.b. vBTBOPCHB "YUYOPN", OE CHUFTEFYMY CHPTBTSEOYK, UBNH LUREDYGYA, KHYUFSHCHBS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH RPLKHRLY UKHDPCH ЪB ZТBOYGEK, VPMSHYKHA RPDZPFPCHLH RP ITS PTZBOYBGYY, RTYYMPUSH RETEOUFY ABOUT 1803 W. lBL RYUBM RPJDOEE y. and. lTHYEOYFETO, BY VSHHM OBYUEO "OBYUBMSHOILPN OBD DCHHNS LPTBVMSNY" 7 BCHZKHUFB 1802 Z., OP PUKHEEUFCHYFSH LUREDYGYA CH FPN CE ZPDH PLBBBMPUSH "OE NPTsOP", F. L. "LPTBVMEK" , ABOUT FBLPCHPK LPOEG ZPDOSHI, OE FPMSHLP UPCHUEN OE VSHMP, OP Y USHULBFSH YI CH tPUUYY OEMSH" . yNEOOOP RPFPNKH CH UEOFSVTE 1802 Z. Ch zBNVHTZ DMS RPLHRLY UHDHR PFRTBCHYMUS LBRYFBO-MEKFEOBOF a. and. mYUSOULIK. rPULPMSHLH FBN RPDIPDSEYI UKHDPCH OE PLBBBMPUSH, mYUSOULPNH RTYYMPUSH PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH mPODPO, ZDE PO LHRIM UKHDB "MEBODET" (450 F, 16 PTHDYK) Y "fENEB" (370 F, 14 P THDYK), LPFPTSCHE VSHMY UPPFCHEFUFCHOOOP RETEYNEOPCHBOSHCH "OBDETSDH" Y "oECHH ".

fPTZPCHMS U LYFBEN, sRPOYEK Y DTHZYNY BYBFULYY UFTBOBNY TSYCHP YOFETEUPCHBMB CH FP CHTENS OE FPMSHLP THLPCHPDUFCHP tbl, OP Y RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP. bLFYCHOSCHN RTPRBZBODIUFPN LFPC IDEY UFBM OPCHSHCHK NYOYUFT LPNNETGYY o.r. TKHNSOGECH (1754-1825), UFBCHYYK CH DBMSHOEKYEN (U UEOFSVTS 1807 Z.) Y THLPCHPDYFEMEN CHEDPNUFCHB YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM.

rTYOGYRYBMSHOPE OBUYEOYE YNEMY DCHE ЪBRYULY o.r. TKHNSOGECHB bMELUBODTKH I "p FPTZE U sRPOYEA" Y "p FPTZE Ch lBOFPOE" PF 20 ZHECHTBMS 1803 Z., LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY CHOUEOSCH CH lPNYFEF NYOYUFTPCH Y "U ​​CHSHUPYUBKYEZP KHFCHETTSDEOOS lPNYF EFPN BRTPVPCHBOSHCH ". NYOYUFT LPNNETGYY RPDYUETLYCHBM, UFP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUE HUYMYS CH LSIFE, tbl OE UNPTSEF LPOLHTYTPCHBFSH U UYB Y BOZMYEK ABOUT LIFBKULPN TSCHOLE. “BOZMYYUBOE Y BNETYLBOGSHCH, DPUFBCHMSS Y OPFLY-YHOD Y yBTMPFYOSCHI PUFTPPCHPCH THIMDSSH UCHPA RTSNP Ch lBOFPO, CHUEZDB VHDHF CH FPTZE UEN RTEINHEEUFChPChBFSH, Y DPFPME RTDDPMTsB FSHUS UYE VHDEF, RPLB TPUUYSOE UBNY CH lBOFPO RKhFY OE RTPMPTSBF.” OBUYFEMSHOSHCHSHCHZPDSH o.r. TKHNSOGECH RTEDCHYDEM PF PFLTSCHFYS FPTZB U sRPOEK "OE FPMSHLP DMS BNETYLBOULYI UEMEOYK, OP Y DMS CHUEZP UECHETOPZP LTBS UYVYTY" Y RTEDMBZBM YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH LTHZPUCHEFOHA b LUREDYGYA DMS PFRTBCHLY "L SRPOULPNH DCHPTKH RPUPMSHUFCHB" PE ZMBCHE U YUEMPCHELPN "UP URPUPVOPUFSNY Y OBOYEN RPMYFYUEULYYY FPTZPCCHSHI DEM." rP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, HTSE CH LFP CHTENS NYOYUFT LPNNETGY YNEM CH CHYDH o.r. TEOBOPCHB, RPULPMSHLKH ЪBRYULE RTEDKHUNBFTYCHBMPUSH, UFP "YUYOPCHOIL UEK" RPUME PLPOYUBOYS SRPOULPK NYUUYY DPMTSEO VSCHM PVPЪTEFSH TKHUULYE CHMBDEOYS CH BNETYLE, "PVTB HRTBCH MEOYS YNY" "UMPCHPN, PVTBBPCHBFSH LTBC UEK Y, FBLPCHSHCHN VMBZPHUFTPKUFCHPN PUYBUFMYCHS UYI PFDBMEOOSCHI chBYEZP J. CH-CHB RPDDBOOSCHI , RPUEMYFSH CH OYI CHSEHA L tPUUYY RTYCHETTSEOOPUFSH.”

y IPFS PZHYYBMSHOP TEULTYRF P OBYUEOYY THLPCHPDYFEMEN RPUPMSHUFCHB CH sRPOA o.r. TEBOPCHB DBFYTHEFUS 10 YAOS 1803 Z., ZHBLFYUEULY CHPRTPU VSHM TEYEO ZPTBDP TBOSHYE. ChP CHUSLPN UMHUBE, KHTSE CH RYUSHNE y. y. dNYFTYECHH (OE RPJDOEE 3 BRTEMS 1803 Z.) o.r. TEBBOPCH UPPVEIM, YuFP YNRETBFPT RPUFEREOOP KHZPCHPTYM EZP RTYOSFSH ABOUT UEVS RPUPMSHUFChP CH sRPOA. “FERETSH ZPFPCHMAUSH L RPIPDH, RYUBM TE'BOPCH. dChB LPTBVMS LHREYUEULYI, LHRMEOOSCHI CH mPODPOE, PFDBAFUS CH NPE OBYUBMSHUFCHP. sing UOBVTSEOSH RTYMYUOSCHN LYRBTSEN, CH NYUUYA UP NOPA OBYUBAFUS ZCHBTDYY PZHYGETSCH, B CHPPVEE DMS RHFEYUFCHYS HYYOEOB LUREDYGYS. RKHFSH NPK YI LTPOUYFBDFB CH rPTFUNKHF, PFFKHDB CH FEOETYZH, RPFPN CH VTBYMYA Y, PVPKDS LBR ZPTO, CH CHBMSHRBTEЪP, PFFKHDB CH UBODCHYUECHSH PUFTPCHB, OBLPOEG, CH sRPPOYA Y OB 1805 ZPD ЪНПЧБФШ Ш lБНУБФЛХ. pFFHDB RPKDH CH KHOBMBYLKH, CH lBDSHSL, CH rTYOG-CHYMMYBN-HOD Y URHEKHUSH L OPPFLE, PF LPFPTPK CHPCHTBBEKHUSH CH LBDSHSL Y, OBZTHYUSH FPCHBTBNY, RPKDH CH lBOFPO, CH ZHYMMYRYO HULYE PUFTPCHB... chPCHTBEBFSHUS VKHDH LTHZPN NSCHUB dPVTPK OBDETDSCH ".

NETSDH FEN CH UPPFFCHEFUFCHY Y VPMEE TBOOYN "UPYCHPMEOYEN" YNRETBFPTB tbl RTYOSMB y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB ABOUT UCPA UMKHTSVH Y 29 NBS 1803 Z. RETERPTHYUMB CH EZP "OBYUBMSHUFChP" DCHB LPTBVMS, YNEOHENSHCHE "obdetsdb" Y "oEChB". h UREGYBMSHOPN DPRPMOOY L R. XIV RTBCHMEOYE YJCHEEBMP P OBYOOY o.r. TEBOPCHB ZMBChPK RPUPMSHUFCHB CH SRPOA Y KHRPMOPNPYYCHBMP "EZP RPMOSCHN IP'SKULINE MYGPN OE FPMSHLP PE CHTENS CHPSTSB, OP Y CH BNETYLE" .

th OBLPOEG 10 YAMS 1803 Z. bMELUBODT I HFCHETDIM PZHYGYBMSHOSHE YOUFTHHLGYY o.r. TEBOPCHH, CH LPFPTSCHI SUOP VSHCHMY CHSHCHDEMEOSCH UMPCHB: “UYY PVB UKHDOB (F.E. “oBDETsDB” Y “oECHB”. o.v.) U PZHYGETBNYY UMHTSYFEMSNYY, CH UMKHTSVE LPNRBOYY OBIPDSEYNYUS, RPTH YUBAFUS OBYUBMSHUFCHCH CHBYENKH." pDOPCHTEENOOOP o.r. teBOPCH RPMKHYUM DEFBMSHOSHE KHLBBOYS CH PFOPEOOY EZP DYRMPNBFYUEULPK NYUUYY, B OEULPMSHLP TBOEE bMELUBODT I RPDRYUBM “OEVPTSYFEMA” “UBNPDETTSBCHOEKYENKH ZPUKHDBTA PVIY TOEKYEK YNRETYY sRPOULB" RYUSHNP U RTEDMPTSEOYEN P TBQYFYY FPTZPCHMY Y KHUFBOPCHMEOYY DPVTPPUPUEDULYI PFOPEOYK .

"TSYCHEKIE Y DESFEMSHOPE HYUBUFYE" CH LUREDYGYY RTPSCHYMB yNRETBFPTULBS BLBDENIS OBHL, P YUEN UPPVEYM ITS RTEYDEOF, PDYO YY NPMPDSHY PVTBBPCHBOOSHI DTHJEK bMELUBODTTB I, UMEO oEZMBUOPZP LPNYFEFB ZTBZh o.o. OPCHPUYMSHGECH. rP EZP RTEDMPTSEOYA bLBDENYS OBHL, "KHVETSDEOOBS, YuFP RKhFEYUFCHYE, RTEDRTYOINBENPE Z-OPN TEBOPCHSCHN, VKhDEF RMPDPFCHPTOSHCHN FBLCE Y CH OBKHYUOPN PFOPEYOYY", RTYOSMB EZP CH YUYUMP UCHPY AND RPYUEFOSCHI YUMEOPC. bLBDENYS, CH YUBUFOPUFY ch.n. UECHETZYO, b.z. UECHBUFSHSOPCH Y UNEMPCHULIK, TBTBVPFBMY OBKHYUOKHA RTPZTBNNH OBVMADEOIK "CH FTEI GBTUFCHBI RTYTPDSCH", B BLBDENYLH r. V. yOPIPDGECHH EEE TBOEE RPTHYUMY UFBFSH OBUFBCHOILPN y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB CH YUBUFY "RTBLFYUEULPK BUFTPOPPNYY" .

h LUREDYGYYYUBUFCHPCHBMY HYUEOSH: VPFBOYL h.z. fYMEYKHU, DPLFPT NEDYGYOSCH zEFFYOZEOULPZP KHOYCHETUYFEFB z. y. mBOZUDPTZH, BUFTPOPN th. l. zPTOET, TELPNEODPCHBOOSCHK OBNEOIFSHCHN BCHUFTYKULIN HYUEOSCHN w. l. gBIPN, DPLFPTB NEDYGYOSCH vTSHLYO Y n. mYVBOD, B FBLCE TSYCHPRYUEG u. lHTMSODGECH Y DT.

PUPVEOOOP FEBFEMSHOP VSHM RPDPVTBO UPUFBC LPNBODSCH LPTBVMEK "OBDETsDB" Y "ocheb". oBTSDKh Uy. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN CH RMBCHBOY KHUBUFCHPCHBMY a. and. mYUSOULYK, LPNBODPCHBCHYYK "ОЭЧПК", Y UFBCHYE CHRPUMEDUFCHYY OBNEOIFSHNY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY n. tBFNBOPCH, p. lPGEVH, w. VEMMYOUZBHYEO Y DT. UBNSHCHN CHONBFEMSHOSHCHN PVTBBPN lTHYEOYFETO Y MYUSOULYK RPDPVTBMY Y CHUA LPNBODH UCHPYI LPTBVMEK. “TSEMBOIE KHCHYDEFSH PFDBMEOOOSCH UFTBOSH VSHMP FBL CHEMYLP, RYUBM lTHJEOYFETO, YuFP EUMY VSC RTYOSFSH CHUEI PIPFOILLPCH.., FP Refinery VSHCH KHLPNRMELFPCHBFSH Y NOPZYE Y VPMSHYE LPTBVMY PFVPTOSHNY NBFTPUBNY tPUUYKULPZP ZHMPFB.” IPFS LTHYEOIFETOKH UPCHPCHBM RTYOSFSH OEULPMSHLP Yopuftboo nbftpupch, software, "KOSTS RTEINHEUFCHCHECHB TPUUIKULYA ... UNCH UNCH RPUMEDPCHBFSH

NEOEE KHDBUOSCHN PLBBBMUS RPDVPT UCHYFSHCH RPUMBOoilB, CH LPFPTHA ChPYMY OBDCHPTOSCHK UPCHEFoil w. zhPUUE, NBKPT e.l. zhTDETYGY, RPTHYUIL ZTBZh. y. fPMUFPK Y DT. (P RPUMEDOEN PYUEOSH TEOLLP PFЪSCCHBMUS CHRPUMEDUFCHYY b.u. rHYLYO). chRTPYUEN, UBN o.r. TEUBOPCH UFTENYMUS RTYCHMEYUSH L LUREDYGYY OBYVPMEE PVTBBPCHBOOSCHY Y OBAEYI MYG Y, CH YUBUFOPUFY, KHZPCHBTYCHBM PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH RMBCHBOYE RTEZHELFB bMELUBODTP-oECHULPK DH IPCHOPK BLBDENYY f.b. vPMIPCHYFYOPCHB (1767-1837), UFBCHYEZP RPЪDOEE YUMEOPN tPUUYKULPK Y yNRETBFPTULPK BLBDENYK OHL Y NYFTPRPMYFPN LYECHULYN ECHZEOYEN. o.r. TEUBOPCH OBBM P OBKHYOSHI BUMHZBI VKHDHEEZP NYFTPRPMYFB Y YNEM U OIN OULPMSHLP PVEYI OBLPNSCHI, CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH o.r. TKHNSOGECHB Y z. t. dETTSBCHYOB. CHSHCHSUOYMPUSH, PDOBLP, UFP ECHZEOYS OE RTEMSHEBMY ЪBZTBOYUOSCH RHFEYUFCHYS Y UMBCHB RETCHPPFLTSCHBFEMS. vMBZPDBTS o.r. TKHNSOGECHH BY UNPZ PFLMPOYFSH HCE UPZMBUPCHBOOPE U GBTEN RTEDMPTSEOYE.

UPPVEBS PV LFPN PDOPNKH YI UCHPYI VMYOLYI DTHJEK, UBN ECHZEOYK UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBM: “TEBOPCH, VHDHYUY NOE LPTPFLP OBLPN, ЪChBM NEOS CH UYA LUREDYGYA. OP vPZ U OIN! rHUFSH BY PDYO lHLPN VHDEF. OH OBCHYDOSCHNOE CHUE EZP BIBFULYE RPYUEFY. BY DBTSE ZPUKHDBTA DPLMBDSCHBM PVP NO. OP URBUYVP, ZTBZH TNSOGECH PFLMPOYM UYE CHOYNBOYE ABOUT VEDOKHA NPA ZPMPCHH. mHYUYE U CHBNY RPTSICHEN CH TPUUYY ".

CHNEUFP ECHZEOYS CH LTHZPUCHEFOPE RHFEYUFCHYE PFRTBCHYMUS UPVPTOSHCHK YETPNPOBI bMELUBODTP-oECHULPK MBCHTSCH ZEDEPO (ZBCHTYYM ZHEDPFPCH), LPFPTSCHK VShchM PVTBBPCHBOOSCHN Y PRSHFOSCHN REDBZPZPN, RTERPDBCHBCHYYN ZHTBOGKHULYK SYSHL, TYFPTYLH Y NBFENBFYLH . rTERPDBCHBFEMSHULIK PRSHCHF Y OBOYS CHEUSHNB RTYZPDYMYUSH ZEDEPOH PE CHTENS EZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH BNETYLE, ZDE ON UFBM DESFEMSHOSHCHN YURPMOYFEMEN ЪBNSHCHUMPCH o.r. TEBOPCHB "L KHFCHETTSDEOYA NETSDH TPUUYSOBNYY BNETILBOGBNYY DPVTPZP UPZMBUYS", RPULPMSHLH "POY UPUFBCHMSAF FERETSH PDYO OBTDD TPUUYKULYK" Y ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOSH "UPITBOEOYEN RPCH UADH CHBINOPK RPMSHSHSHCH, KHCHBTSEOYEN YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB Y RPCHYOPCHEOYEN OBYUBMSHUFCHH.”

TEBBOPCH RPTKHYUM ZEDEPOH RTYOSFSH CH PUPVPE RPREYOOYE “LBDSHSLULHA YLPMH Y PVTBPCHBFSH YJ POPK RTBCHYMSHOPE HYUMYEE... ETSEMY AOPYEUFChP FBN PVHYUEOP HCE ZTBNPFE, FP DBKFE YN YUFYOOPE RPOSFYE P ъBLPOE vPTSYEN Y EUFEUFCHEOOPN, ЪBKNYFEUSH NETSDH FEN RPLBBOYEN YN RTBCHYM RTBCHPRYUBOYS, BTYZHNEFIYY Y RPMPTSYFE RETCHPOBUMSHOSH PUOP CHBOYS RTPPUYN OBHLBN.

iMEVPRBYUFChP, ULPFPChPDUFChP Y RTPYUYS IPЪSKUFCHEOOSCH ЪBCHEDEOYS IPFS Y OE RTYOBDMETSBF L RTEDNEFBN CH. RT-VIS, OP S CHBU LBL NHTSB RTPUCHEEOOOPZP RPLPTOKE RTPYH... OE PUF BCHYFSH OBYUBMSHUFChP FBNPIOOEE CHBYYNY UPCHEFBNY ​​Y UPDEKUFCHPCHBFSH L PVEEK RPMSHJE Y VMBZPUPUFPSOYA LTBS FPZP.”

UPDEKUFCHHS RPTPUCHEEOOYA LPMPOIK, RTEJIDEOFSH yNRETBFPTULYI BLBDENYK OHL Y IHDPCEUFCH o.o. OPCHPUYMSHGECH Y b.u. uFTPZBOPCH RTYUMBMY DMS LUREDYGYY GEOOSH UPVTBOYS LOYZ, MBODLBTFSCH, LBTFYOSCH, VAUFSHCH, UFBNRSCH; HRTBCHMSAEIK nYOYUFETUFCHPN NPTLYI UYM r. part yuYUBZHR NDEMY YUETFTSY UHDHR; o.r. TKHNSOGECH "RTELTBOOPE UPVTBOIE RKHFEYUFCHYK Y LOYZ IP'SKUFCHEOOSCHI" . yI RTYNETH RPUMEDPCHBMY NOPZYE DTHZYE MYGB, CHLMAYUBS y. y. dNYFTYECHB, n. n. iETBULPCHB Y r. R. VELEFPCHB. bFB GEOOBS LPMMELGYS VSHMB DPUFBCHMEOB ABOUT LPTBVM "oECHB" ABOUT P-CH lBDSHSL, B CHRPUMEDUFCHYY ITS RETECHEMY CH OPCHHA UFPMYGH LPMPOIK Z. oChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL .

UPDEKUFCHYE LUREDYYY VSHMP PLBBOP Y RP PZHYGYBMSHOSCHN LBOBMBN. NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM LBOGMET b.t. chPTPOGPCH RTEDRYUBM TKHUULYN RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN CH BOZMYY, YURBOYY, ZhTBOGYY, rPTFKHZBMYY Y OYDETMBODBI RTPUYFSH UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB PLBJBFSH OEPVIPDYNPE UP DEKUFCHYE LUREDYGYY, EUMY POB RPUEFYF FETTYFPTYBMSHOSHE CHPDSH YI CHMBDEOOK. vTYFBOULYK RPUPM CH TPUUYY (B FBLCE TSD DTHZYI YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH CH u.-REFETVHTZE) DBMY LUREDYGY PFLTSCHFSHCHK MYUF PV PLBBBOY EK CH UCHPYI CHMBDEOSY OEPVIPDYNPK R PNPAY.

rPUME FEBFEMSHOSHHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYK 26 YAMS 1803 Z."oBDETsDB" Y "oECHB" RPLYOKHMY lTPOYFBDF. lTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOIE OBYUBMPUSH . Yuta Lvrezbzeo, ZhBMSHNHF, Feuethyge L Vetzbn Vtbymey, b-bfen chludhz N. Zpto Gludigys dpufymsb nbtliuli С. ъDEUSH LPTBVMY TBDEMYMYUSH: “obDETsDB” PFRTBCHYMBUSH L rEFTPRBCHMPCHULH-OB-lBNUBFLE, B “oECHB” RPIMB OB P-CH lBDSHSL, LHDB RPD LTYLY “HTB!” RTYVSHMB 13 YAMS .

h LFP READING b.b. vBTBOPCH HCE PFRTBCHYMUS L UYFIE DMS CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYS UCHPEK CHMBUFY ABOUT PUFTPCHE, PUOPCHBOYS OPChPK LTERPUFY Y OBLBBBOYS FMYOLYFPCH ЪB HOYUFPTSEOYE THUULPZP RPUEMEOYS. rPFPNH "oEChB" CH BCHZKHUFE PFRTBCHIMBUSH ENKH ABOUT RPNPESH. rPRSHCHFLY NYTOPZP TBTEYEOYS LPOZHMYLFB PLPOYUYMYUSH OEKHDBYUOP, Y 1 PLFSVTS b.b. vBTBOPC RTY RPDDETZLE PFTSDB NPTSLPCH PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOFPN r. R. bTVHЪPCHSHCHN RTEDRTYOSM YFKHTN OERTYSFEMSHULPK LTERPUFY. rP PFYSHCHCHH RPUMEDOEZP, “RHYLY VSHCHMY HTSE X UBNSCHI CHPTPF Y OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH TEYYMY VSHCH RPVEDKH CH OBUKH RPMSHЪKH, OP FTKHUPUFSH LBDSHSLGECH CHUE YURPTFIMB” .

yuete OEULPMSHLP DOEK, YURSHCHFSHCHBS OEDPUFBFPL CH RPTPIE Y RKHMSI, FMYOLIFSH TEYYMYUSH “CHUE VTPUYFSH Y VETSBFSH MEUPN”. “h LTERPUFY OBYMY NSCH, RYUBM mYUSOULYK, PLPMP 100 OBIYI RKHYYYUSCHI SDE... Y DCHE PUFBCHMEOOOSHE OERTYSFEMEN OEVPMSHYYE RHYLY.”

lPNBODYT "оЭЧШЧ" ПЛБББМУС ЭДЧБ My OE RETCHSHCHN, LFP PGEOYM CHUE CHSHZPDSH NEUFPTBURMPMPTSEOYS OPChPK LTERPUFY, PUOPCHBOOPK ABOUT OERTYUFKHROPK ZPTE ABOUT VETEZKH PVIYTOPZP ЪBMYCHB. rP NOEOYA mYUSOULPZP, OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL "DPMTSEO VShchFSH ZMBCHOSCHN RPTFPN tPUUYKULP-bNETYLBOULPK LPNRBBOY RP FPNKH, YuFP POSHCHK, YULMAYUBS CHUE CHCHYEHRPNSOHFSHCHESCHZPDSHCH, OBIPDY FUS CH UTEDPFPYY UBNSCHI CHBTSOSCHI RTPNSCHUMPC. h PLTHTSOPUFY POZP CHPDYFUS FBLPE NOPTSEUFChP VPVTPC, YuFP ETSEMY YOPUFTBOOSCHE UKHDB OE CHPURTERSFUFCHHAF, FP LBTSDSCHK ZPD NPTsOP VKDEF CHSHCHPYFSH POSCHI, RP LTBKOEK NETE FSCHUSYU DP CHPUSH NY: OSCHOETS, RPEMYLH ZTBTSDBOE UPEDYOOOSCHI bNETILBOULYI pVMBUFEK FPTZHAF ЪDEUSH VEURTEUFBOOP, FP CHSHCHP DPMTSOP RPMBZBFSH DP FTEI FSCHUSYU. lTPNE FPZP, UYFLYOULYE DETECHSHS NPZHF RTYOPUYFSH OE NBMHA CHSHCHZPDH, LPZDB OBUY UKHDV VHDHF YUBEE IPDYFSH H lBOFPO.” uBNPZP CHSCHUPLPZP NOEOYS mYUSOULYK RTDETTSYCHBMUS Y P b.b. vBTBOPCHE, "LPFPTSHCHK RP DBTPCHBOYSN UCHPYN ЪBUMHTSYCHBM CHUSLPZP KHBTSEOYS".

3. o.r. TEBOPCH YY. and. lTHJEOYFETO

lTHZPUCHEFOPE RHFEYUFCHYE PNTBUYMPUSH LPOZHMYLFPN NETSDH y. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN J o.r. YOU BOPCHCHN. rP DBCHOEK NPTULPC FTBDYGYY PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS LBRYFBO SCHMSEFUS RTBLFYUEULY RPMOPCHMBUFOSHN IPЪSYOPN UKHDOB Y EZP UMPChP ЪBLPO DMS LYRBTSB Y RBUUBTSYTPCH. OE KhDYCHYFEMSHOP RPFPNKH, YuFP VPMSHYOUFChP NPTULYI YUFPTYLPCH RPYUFY VE'PZPCHPTPUOP RPDDETSYCHBMY y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB. “yuEMPCHEL FEEUMBCHOSCHK, OECHETSEUFCHEOOSCHK CH NPTULPN DEME, OE YNEAEIK RPOSFYS P UMKHTSEVOSCHI PFOPEYOSI PE ZHMPFE Y P CHBTsOPN OBYUEOY LPNBODITB CH NPTE, RYUBM ch. , RShchFBMUS TBSHCHZTSCHBFSH TPMSH OBYUBMSHOILB LUREDYGYY, DYULTEDYFYTHS lTHJEOYFETOB Y PZHYGETPCH, Y CHSHCHBM LFYN ЪBLPOOPE Y URTBCHEDMYCHPE YI CHPNHEEOYE.”

rP UMPCHBN UFBTYEZP PZHYGETB "OBDETSDSCH" n.y. tBFNBOPCHB, CH IPDE RHFEYUFCHYS o.r. TEBOPCH "PVOBTHTSYM... UCHPK IBTBLFET Y PFLTSCHM YUETOKHA UCPA DKHYKH" .

rPUME PLPOYUBOYS RMBCHBOYS UBN lTHYEOYFETO Y DTHZIE NTULYE PZHYGETSCH RPUFBTBMYUSH OBBLTERYFSH CHETUYA P UPCHPEK RTBCHPFE, UFP PVMEZYUBMPUSH FEN, UFP o.r. TEBOPCH ULPTPRPUFYTSOP ULPOYUBMUS Y ЪBEIFYFSH UEVS CH u.-REFETVHTZE OE refinery. lFP ЪBUFBCHMSEF YUFPTYLPCH PFOEUFYUSH L PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBN DEMB PUPVEOOOP CHONBFEMSHOP Y PVAELFYCHOP.

uMEDHEF OBRPNOYFSH, YuFP CH RTYCHPDYCHYIUS TBOEE DPLHNEOFBI Y RTETSDE CHUEZP CH PVEEK YOUFTHHLGYY o.r. TEUBOPCHH, KHFCHETTSDEOOOPK bMELUBODTPN I 10 YAMS 1803 Z., UREGYBMSHOP CHSHCHDEMSMYUSH UMPCHB, UFP "PVB UKHDOB U PZHYGETBNY Y UMKHTSYFEMSNY, CH UMKHTSVE LPNRBOY OBIPDSEYNYUS, RPTH YUBAFUS OBYUBMSHUFCHCH CHBYENKH." rTBCHDB, LFY YOUFTHLGYY VSHMY DBOSCH DPCHPMSHOP RPJDOP, Y lTHJEOYFETO PRTBCHDSHCHBMUS RPJDOEE, YuFP DP RMBCHBOYS PO, IPFS Y RPMKHYUM UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYE DPLHNEOFSHCH, " RTPDETSBM YI, OP OE YUFBM" (?!). fBL YMY YOBYUE, U UBNPZP OBYUBMB RMBCHBOYS NETSDKH lTHJEOYFETOPN Y TEOBOPCHSHCHN KHUFBOPCHYMYUSH OERTYYSJOOOSCH PFOPYEOYS, LPFPTSCHCHSHCHMYMYUSH CHEUOPK 1804 Z. CH PFLTSCHFSHCHK LPO JMYLF. rPChPDPN DMS bFPZP RPUMKHTSYM DPChPMSHOP NBMPOBYUYFEMSHOSCHK UMKHYUBK, UCHSBOOSHCHK U TBURPTTSEOYEN TEBOPCHB RTYLBYUYLH LPNRBOY zh. y. yENEMYOKH ABOUT PDOPN Y nBTLYYULYI PUFTPPCHPCH (oKHLYYCHB) “CHSHCHNEOYCHBFSH DMS yNRETBFPTULPK lHOUFLBNETSH” X PUFTPCHIFSO “TBOSCHHEY PFOPUYFEMSHOP YI PDETSDSCH Y PVSHUBE Ch" . lTHYEOYFETO, LPFPTSCHK CHUEZDB EDYOPCHMBUFOP TEZKHMYTPCHBM FPTZPCHMA U NEUFOSHCHNYY TSYFEMSNY, RPFTEVPCHBM PVASUOOEOYK, UPVTBM LILRBTS "OBDETSDSCH" Y RTYZMBUYM U "oeChShch" » a. and. mYUSOULPZP Y h.o. vetib. th IPFS o.r. TEUBOPCH RTEDUFBCHYM YNECHYYEUS KH OEZP DPLHNEOFSH Y DBTSE BUYFBM "CHSHCHUPYUBKIE... RPTKHYUEOYE OBYUBMSHUFCHB", CH PFCHEF CHUE PZHYGETSCH (LTPNE MEKFEOBOFB r. f. zPMPCHBUECHB) ЪBLMAYUYMY FENKH: “UFKHRBKFE, UFKHRBKFE U CHBYNYY KHLBBNYY, OEF KH OBU OBUMSHOILB, LTPNE lTHYEOYFETOB” . rTY LFPN MEKFEOBOF n.y. tBFNBOPCH, “THZBS RP-NBFETOKH, LTYYUBM: “eZP, ULPFB, ЪBLPMPFYFSH CH LBAFH”. “s EDCHB YNEM UYMH KKFY CH LBAFKH, UPPVEBM TEUBOPCH RPUME RTYVSHCHFYS CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH CH OBYUBME YAMS 1804 Z., Y ЪBRMBFYM TSEUFPLPK VPMEOSHA, PE CHTENS LP FPTPC DPLFPT OH TBH OE RPUEFYM NEOS, IPFS CHUE YCHEUFOSH VSHCHMY, YuFP S EDCHB RTY LPOGE TsYOY OBIPYMUS. THZBFEMSHUFCHB RTDDPMTSBMYUSH, Y S RTYOKHTSDEO VSHM, YЪVEZBS DBMSHOEKYI DETPUFEK, ULPMSH OH TSEUFPLPNOE VSHMP RTPIPDIFSH LBCHBFPT, OE RPMSHЪKHSUSH CHPDKHIPN, CHCHUYDEF SH, OILKhDB OE CHSHCHIPDS, DP UBNPZP PLPOYUBOYS RHFEYUFCHYS Y RTYVSHCHFYY CH LBNYUBFLH CHCHYEM RETCHSHCHK TB Y LBAFSCH UCHPEK ".

rP RTPUSHVE TEBBOPCHB 1 BCHZKHUFB 1804 Z. YЪ OITSOELBNNYUBFULB CH REFTPRBCHMPCHUL RTYVSHCHMY ZEOETBM r. y. lPYEMECH, 60 UPMDBF Y DCHB PZHYGETB DMS RTPYCHPDUFCHB UKHDEVOPZP TBUUMEDPCHBOYS. “lBL OH UFBTBMUS lTHYEOYFETO PRTBCHDBFSH UCHPY RPUFHRLY, RTYYEM L CHSHCHPDH BCHFPTYFEFOSHCHK YUUMEDPCHBFEMSH CHPRTPUB, OP LPZDB DPYMP DP PUOSHI UVBCHPL Y OBNETEOYS lpye MECHB PFTEYYFSH EZP PF LPNBODPCHBOYS UKHDOPN, PO UPOBMUS CH UCHPEK CHYOPCHOPUFY Y RTPUYM lPYEMECHB RTYOSFSH ABOUT EUVS RPUTEDOYUEUFChP CH RTYNYTEOYY U TEBOPCHSHCHN" . rPMShЪKH PFEYUEFCHB o.r. TEUBOPCH RPUFBCHYM "CHCHE CHUEI MYUOSHI... PULPTVMEOYK" Y UPZMBUYMUS PUFBCHYFSH UCHPY VKHNBZY VEJ DEKUFCHYS, OP U "OERTENEOOOSCHN HUMPCHYEN, YuFPVSH lTHJEOYFETO Y CHUE PUFBM SHOSHE PZHYGETSCH... YYCHYOMMYUSH RETED OIN CH RTYUHFUFFCHY lPYEMECHB.” bFP RTEDMPTSEOYE VSHMP RTYOSFP.

8 BCHZKHUFB th. and. lTHYEOYFETO Y CHUE PZHYGETSCH "OBDETSDSCH" SCHYMYUSH CH RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHTNE Y RTYOEUMY PZHYGYBMSHOSHE YYCHYOOYS. “UEK DEOSH, UPPVEBM yENEMYO, VSCHM DEOSH TBDPUFY DMS CHUSLPZP RPDYUYOOOPZP, TBCHSЪBCHYEZP UHDSHVH NOPZYI.” rPUMEDPCHBMY FPTCEUFCHEOOSCH PVEDSCH Y HTSYOSCH. pUPVEOOOP FPTCEUFCHOOOP RTPYUIPDYM PVED 21 BCHZHUFB. ЪБ ЪДТБЧИЕ ТеЪБОПЧБ І лПыеМеЧБ ОУУЛПМШЛП TBЪ ZTENEMY RKHYEYUOSCH CHSHCHUFTEMSHCH.

oBDP PFDBFSH DPMTSOPE o.r. TEUBOPCHKH, YuFP PO OE FPMSHLP CHEMYLPDHYOP RTPUFYM y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB Y DTHZYI NPTULYI PZHYGETPCH, LPFPTSCHE DPUFBCHYMY ENKH PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS UFPMSHLP OERTYSFOPUFEK, OP Y DBM UBNHA CHSHCHUPLHA PGEOLKH RTPZHEUYPOBMYNKH LBRYF BOB "OBDETSDSCH", OEKHUSCHROPE UFBTBOIE LPFPTPZP RPЪCHPMYMP UPITBOYFSH PE CHTENS RMBCHBOYS CHUEI MADEK, LTPNE CHPMSHOPOBENOPZP RPChBTB, LHTMSODGB OYMBODB, LPFPTSCHK "OE Refinery CHSCHOUFY RETENEOOOSCHI LMYNBFPCH ".

uCHYFB UBNPZP RPUMBOOILB, RPDPVTBOOBS NEOEE CHOINBFEMSHOP, RPDCHETZMBUSH CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULE UKHEEUFCHEOOPNH YYNEOOYA. "tseUFPLBS LBNEOOBS VPMEЪOSH" MYYYMB TSYCHPRYUGB BLBDENYLB u. lHTMSODGECHB CHPNPTSOPUFY RTDDPMTsBFSH RHFEEUFCHYE, Y PO VSHHM PFRTBCHMEO OBBD CH u.-REFETVHTZ CH UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY "LBODYDBFB NEDYGYOSCH" vTSCHLYOB. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, o.r. TEUBOPCH VSHCHM CHSCHOKHTSDEO YULMAYUYFSH YY NYUUYY PFRTBCHYFSH OBBD ZCHBTDYY RPTHYUYLB w. y. fPMUFPZP, "TBBDPTSH PE CHUEK LUREDYGY RPUESCHYEZP", "RP RTYYUYOE VEURPLLPKOPZP EZP IBTBLFETB" (CHSTBTTSEOYE N.Y. tBFNBOPCHB), U RTEDHRTETSDEOYEN, "YUFPV ON OE RTPTSYCHBM CH NPULCHE Y DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP L RPMLH SCHYMUS.” ъBFP NYUUYS RPRPMOYMBUSH RPTHYUYLPN d.y. lPYEMEMESCHN, LBRYFBOPN lBNYUBFULZP ZBTOYPOOZP VBFBMSHPOB y. y. ZHEDPTPCHSHCHN, B FBLCE RPYUEFOSCHN LBTBKHMPN YUENY "CHYDOSHI UPMDBF U HOFET-PZHYGETPN Y VBTBVBOEYLPN." yЪ-ЪB PRBUOPUFY NEUFY UP UFPTPOSH SRPOGECH RTYOSCHYENKH PE CHTENS RTEVSCCHBOYS CH TPUUYY RTBCHPUMBCHYE RETECHPDYYLH LYUEMECHH o.r. TEBBOPCH CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM PFRTBCHYFSH EZP CH yTLHFUL. vMBZPDBTS UCHPYN URPUPVOPUFSN L SJSCHLBN UBN TEUBOPCH UB CHTENS RHFEEUFCHYS UKHNEM CH YJCHEUFOPK NETE PCHMBDEFSH SRPOULIN SJSHLPN Y OBDESMUS “PVPKFYUSH Y VEЪ RPNPEY UEZP RETECHPDUYLB" .

PE CHTENS RTEVSHCHBOYS ABOUT lBNUBFLE LPNBODB "OBDETSDSCH" RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN th. and. lTHЪEOYFETOB "DEOOP Y OPEOP" RTPCHPDYMB TBVPFH RP "CHSHCHZTHYLE FBLEMBTSB Y FPCHBTPC, RPYUYOLE LPTBVMS" Y KHUFTBOEOYA CHP'OILYEK CH RPIPDE FEYUY. HCCI 18 BCHUFB "LPTBVMSh on text Husiness", b 26 BCHZHUFB RMUMEVUFCHSIS PTHDYKOPZP UBMAFB "Obdaddb" PFrtbchimbush h Ozbubbleh, LHDB RTEVMB TPCHOP YUTH NAVEG.

ъDEUSH OEF OEPVIPDYNPUFY RETEULBYSCHBFSH CHUE RETYREFYY DMYFEMSHOPZP Y CH LPOYUOPN YFPZE VEKHUREYOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS TPUUYKULPZP RPUPMSHUFCHB CH OOBZBUBLY. bFP HCE VSHMP UDEMBOP Ch XIX Ch. chPEOULYN, B PE CHFPTK RPMPCHYOE XX Ch. dTs. b. MEOUEOPN (1959), b. With. ZhBKOVETZ (1960), m.o. lHFBLPCHSHCHN (1988) Y DT. lBL RYUBM l. chPEOULYK, DBTSE LPZDB o.r. TEUBOPCHKH TBTEYYMYMY RETEEIBFSH CH DPN ABOUT VETEZKH, BY "VSHHM PLTHTSEO CHOYNBOYEN Y CHUECHPNPTSOSCHNY OBBLBNY RPYUFEOOYS Y KHCHBTSEOYS, OP CH UKHEOPUFY CHUE LFP VSHMP OE YuFP YOPE, L BL RPYUEFOSHCHK RMEO, LPFPTSCHK SRPOGSH UFBTBMYUSH ЪBNBULYTPCHBFSH CHETSMYCHPUFSHAY Y UUSCHMLBNY ABOUT DTECHOYE PVSHYUBY ". FEN OE NEOEE DBTSE CH FYI HUMPCHYSI TEUBOPCH OE FETSM CHTENEY DBTPN Y UFTENYMUS UPJDBFSH KH SRPOGECH OBYMKHYYEE RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P tPUUYYY TKHUULYI. xUETDOP ЪBOYNBSUSH SRPOULYN SYSHLPN, BY UPUFBCHYM LTBFLPE THUULP-SRPOULPE THLPCHPDUFCHP Y UMPCHBTSH, UPDETSBAKE VPMEE 5 FSHU. UMPC Y PRHVMYLPCHBOOSCHK CH u.-REFETVHTZE.

l KHDYCHMEOYA UBNYI SRPOGECH, "CHEMYLYK UBOPCHOIL YFP" RTYCHE CHUOPK 1805 Z. YЪ yDP LBFEZPTYUEULYK PFLB: "RPUPMSHUFChP YNRETBFPT RTYOSFSH OE NPTsEF", "FPTZP CHMY OE TSEMBEF Y RTPUIF, YUFPVSH RPUPM CHSHCHEIBM Y sRPOYY.” OE VSHCHMY RTYOSFSH DBCE NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH RPDBTLY, LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY RTYCHEOSCH o.r. TEBOPCHSHCHN, RPULPMSHLH "sRPPOYS OE UFPMSH VPZBFB, YUFPVSH PFCHEFYFSH TBCHOPGEOOOSCHNY DBTBNY". u DTHZPK UFPTPOSH, YUFPVSH LBL-FP RPDUMBUFYFSH PFLB, "CH OBL VMBZPDBTOPUFY UB ZPUFERTYYNUFChP, SRPOGBN CH tPUUYY PLBUBOOPE" Y YI CHPCHTBBEEOYE ABOUT TPDYOH "UPDETTSB OYE LYRBTSB "OBDETSDSCH" ЪB CHUE YEUFSH U RPMPCHYOPK NEUSGECH Y PFRHUL ABOUT TBOSCH LPTBVEMSHOSHOSHE OBDPVOPUFY NBFETYBMPCH RTYOSFSHCH ABOUT UUEF LHVPULPZP CHEMYUEUFCHB", F. E. SRPOULPZP YNRETBFPTB. ABOUT PVTBFOSHK RKhFSH ZHTEZBF VSHM UOBVTSEO DCHHINEUSYUOSCHN ЪBRBUPN RTPCHYYYY, VPMSHYYN ZTHYPN UPMY, B FBLCE RPDBTLPN "YEMLPCHSHCHI CHBF" (25 SAILHR). rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH TEUBOPCHB, "PFLB CH FPTZE RTPYCHEM UIMSHOP CH OTPDE CHREYUBFMEOYE". h aboutOBZBUBLY HCE RTYEIBMY LHRGSH YJJDP, LYPFP Y PUBLY. and. yENEMYO RYUBM, UFP DBCE "LBTBKHMSHOSCH PZHYGETSCH YYASCHYMY RPUMH UCHPE UPTSBMEOYE Y CHUE EDYOPDHYOP TPRFBMY ABOUT OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UCHPEZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB" .

h PFLBJE sRPOY RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP FTHDOP CHYOIFSH o.r. TEUBOPCHB. OB RTPFSTSEOYY CHUEZP 6-NEUSYUOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH OOBZBUBLYY RETEZPCHPTBI U SRPOULINEY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY TEBOPC CHRMPFSH DP 23 NBTFB (4 BRTEMS) 1805 Z. DETSBMUS RTBLFFY YUEULY VE'KHRTEYUOP. EZP OETCHSHCHE CHCHDETTSBMY, MYYSH LPZDB UPCHETYEOOOP OEPTSYDBOOP ON RPMKHYUM LBFEZPTYUEULYK PFLB. h TEKHMSHFBFE RPUMBOOIL OBRTBCHYM SRPOULPNH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH NENPTBODKHN U FTEVPCHBOYEN RETEUNPFTEFSH UCHPE TEYEOYE OBYUYFSH "ABOUT NBFNBE RPTF, Ch LPFPTSCHK NPTsOP RTYIPDYFSH DMS F PTZB.., DCHB NEUFB DMS HYUTETSDEOOYS TPUUYKULPK ZhBLFPTYY” RTY HUMPCHYY, UFP “CHUE HBLPOEOYS SRPOULPK YNRETYY UFTPZP VHDHF UPVMADBFSHUS”. h LPOGE NNPTBODKHNB UPDETSBMBUSH Y RTSNBS KHZTPЪB Ch UMHYUBE CHFPTYYUOPZP OEKHCHBTSEOYS "RTYOSFSH FE NETSHCH, LPFPTSCHE CH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSH OE CHP'ChTBFOSH RTPY'CHEDHF RPFET Y".

rPCHMISFSH ABOUT TBCHYFYE UPVSCHFYK Y FEN VPMEE YYNEOYFSH YI IPD NENPTBODKHN TEBOPCHB, LPOYUOP, OE refinery. TEYEOYE PV PFLBIE VSHMP RTYOSFP Y VSHMP PLPOYUBFEMSHOSCHN. NOOYE y. and. lTHYEOYFETOB, VKhDFP teBOPCH "VPMEE ЪBVPFYMUS P CHSHCHZPDE tPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY, YUEN PV YOFETEUBI RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB", OH ABOUT YUEN OE PUOPCHBOP. chRPMOE URTBCHEDMYCHSHCHN RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS CHCHCHPD l. chPEOULPZP P FPN, YuFP "PFLB, TEYOOOSCHK RTYOGYRYBMSHOP CH YDP, RTPYЪPYEM CHUMEDUFCHYE RTYUYO RPUFPTPOOYI, OE ЪBCHYUSEYI PF RETEZPCHPTPCH, CHEDOOSCHI CH OOBZBUBLY TE “BOPCHSHCHN.” eEE d.b. rPЪDOEECH PFNEYUBM VPTSHVH CH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHEOOSCHI LTHZBI sRPOYY TBMYUOSHI ZTHRRYTPCHPL. y IPFS CH UCHSYU TPUUYEK VSHCHMY ЪBYOFETEUPCHBOSH FPTZPCHGSHCH, RTPNSCHYMEOOYYY YUYOPCHOYLY OE FPMSHLP OOBZBUBLY, OP TH LYPFP, PUBLIY DTKHZYI ZPTPDPCH, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCH P, RTYCHETTSEOOPE YЪPMSGYPOUFULYN FTBDYGYSN, CH UCHPEN TEYEOYY PRYTBMPUSH ABOUT NNPTBODKHN HYUEOSCHI YЪ ЪDP, LPFPTSCHE UYYFBMY, YuFP FPTZPCHMS U TPUUYEK RTYCHEDEF L RPTPOILOPCHEOYA CH UFTBOKH RTBCHPUMBCHYS Y RPUFEREOOPNH ЪBICHBFKH SRPOULYI FETTYFPTYK .

rPYGYS, ЪBOSFBS SRPOULYN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN, CHSHCHBMB OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP FAIRIES ZTHRR LHREYUEUFCHB Y UBNHTBKUFCHB, LPFPTSHCHE UFTENYMYUSH L PFNEOE YЪPMSGYY UFTBOSHCH PF CH OYOOEZP NYTB, TBUYYTEOYA FPTZPCHSHCHI UCHSJEK, TBURTPUFTBOEOYA ECHTPREKULYI OBOIK. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY SRPOULYK RTENSHET-NYOYUFT NBTLYY pLHNB UYZEOPVH PFNEYUBM, YuFP “TEBOPCH RETCHSCHK TBVKHDIM sRPOLYA PF ZMKHVPLPZP UOB”, Y P OEN CH UFTBOE UPUFBCHYMPUSH CHEUSHNB MEUFOPE NOOYE.

rPUME LBFEZPTYUUEULPZP PFLBЪB SRPOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB RTYOSFSH RPUPMSHUFCHP Y TBTEYYFSH FPTZPCHSHCHE UCHSY o.r. TEUBOPCHH OE PUFBCHBMPUSH OYUEZP DTHZPZP, LBL RPLYOKHFSH 6 (18) BRTEMS about OBZBUBLY CHETOHFSHUS ABOUT LBNYUBFLH. rPUME 48-DOECHOOPZP RMBCHBOYS 24 NBS 1805 Z. "OBDETsDB" ChPYMB CH reftprbchmpchulha zbchbosh. rPUMEDUFCHYS LPOZHMYLFB U y. and. lTHYEOYFETOPN, RP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, CHUE EEE ULBSCCHBMYUSH, Y, LBL DYRMPNBFYUOP RYUBM w. y. yENEMYO, TEBOPCH "RP YICHEUFOSCHN ENKH RTYYUYOBN" OE Refinery PFRTBCHYFSHUS DMS PVPPTEOYS TPUUYKULYI CHMBDEOYK CH BNETYLE ABOUT "OBDETSDE" . y IPFS LFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP VSHMP DMS OEZP "LTBKOE YUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP", RPULPMSHLH "RTYUHFUFCHYE EZP CH BNETYLE VSHMP CHEUSHNB OHTSOP, TEYM CHP'CHTBFYFSHUS CH UFPMYGH YUTE PIPF UL". l YUBUFYA, CH REFTPRBCHMPCHULPK ZBCHBOY CH LFP CHTENS PLBBBMUS VTYZ tbl "nBTYS", YuFP RPЪCHPMYMP TEUBOPCHH "OEPFNEOOOP PFRTBCHYFSHUS CH BNETYLKH", B lTHJEOYFETOKH YDFY L P-CHH uBIBMYO "DMS YUUMEDPCHBOYS Y PRYUBOYS VETEZPCH EZP", B ЪBFEN YUETE LBOFPO CHETOKHFSHUS CH u .-rEFETVHTZ.

h UChPA PYUETEDSH, "oEChB", ЪBLPOYUYCH YHYUEOYE CHMBDEOYK tbl Ch bNETYLE, CHLMAYUBS P-ChB lBDSHSL, UYFIB Y DT., Y ЪBZTHYCHYYUSH FPCHBTTBNY, 1 UEOFSVTS 1805 Z. PFRTBCHYM BUSH CH lBOFPO, ZDE CH OBYUBME DELBVTS CHUFTEFYMBUSH U "OBDETSDPK". KHURECH RTDDBFSH Ch lBOFPOE RHYOOH Y ЪBLKHRYCH LIFBKULYE FPCHBTSHCH, PVB LPTBVMS OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH PVTBFOSCHK RKHFSH CHPLTHZ N. dPVTPK OBDETDSCH.

4. DESPHEMSHOPUFSH o.r. TEBOPCHB CH THUULPK BNETYLE. LUREDYGYS CH LBMYZHPTOYA

14 YAOS 1805 Z. UHDOP “nBTYS” RPLYOHMP rEFTPRBCHMPCHULHA ZBCHBOSH. about BYUBMBUSH OBYVPMEE CHBTSOBS Y, PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, UBNBS RMPDPFCHPTOBS YUBUFSH RKhFEYUFCHYS o.r. TEUBOPCHB. IPFS RMBCHBOYE ABOUT UKHDOE "nBTYS", "LTYCHPVPLYN RPUFTPEOOOPZP", UDEMBMP RKhFEYUFCHYE "CHEUSHNB ЪBFTKHDOYFEMSHOSHCHN", CH LPOYUOPN YFPZE o.r. TEBOBOPCH DPVTBMUS DP lbRYFBOULPK ZBCHBOY ABOUT HOBMBYLE, WHERE OBUME “DCHB LPNRBOEKULYI UKHDOB LBFET “uch. lPOUFBOFYO" Y UKHDOP "uch. bMELUBODT OECHULYK" ". CHUMED UB LFYN ON RPUEFYM P-CH lBDSHSL Y OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL ABOUT P-CH vBTBOPCHB (UYFIB) Y CHOINBFEMSHOP POBBLPNYMUS U RPMPTSEOYEN DEM. hCE RETCHSHCHE TBURPTTSEOYS TEBOPCHB OEMSHЪS OE RTYOBFSH TBKHNOSHCHNY. oBIPDSUSH ABOUT LBDSHL, BY RPTHYUYM PFGH ZEDEPOH CHNEUFE UP UMHTSBEINY LPNRBOY UPUFBCHYFSH RETERYUSH OBUEMEOYS LPMPOIK, CHLMAYUBS LPTEOOSCHI TSYFEMEK BNETYLY, YЪVEZBFSH YI PFSZPEE OYS TBOPZP TPDB RPCHYOOPUFSNY, ЪBVPFYFSHUS PV PVHYUEOOY NBMPMEFOYI ZTBNPFE, “Y VHDE, RP BUCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBOYA DYTELFPTB YLPMSCH, PLBTsHF L OBHLBN URPUPVOPUFSH, FBL PCHSCHI RTYZPFPCHMSFSH L ЪBOSFYA RP CHTENEY CHCHUYI UFEREOEK, B DTKHZYI, U NEOSHIYNY DBTPCHBOYSNY, PRTEDEMSFSH L NBUFETUFCHBN, TENEUMBN Y THLPDEMYSN ".

hYUYFSHCHBS PUFTHA RPFTEVOPUFSH tHUULPK bNETYLY CH CHPEOOSCHI UHDBI, o.r. TEBOPCH TBURPTSDYMUS P RPUFTPKLE CH OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULE VTYZB "DMYOPA PF 80 DP 90 ZHFPCH P 16 RKHYLBI", ZTHJPRPDYAENOPUFSHA DP 200 F PE ZMBCHE U MEKFEOBOFPN o. b. ICHPUFPCHSHCHN Y FEODETB “PF 50 DP 55 ZHFPCH P 6 YMY 8 RHYLBY” RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN NYUNBOB z. idBCHSCHDPCHB "DMS KHDPVOPZP RTYVMYTSEOYS L VETEZBN" . UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP, MYYUOP OBBS "DPVTHA OTBCHUFCHOOPUFSH" LPTBVEMSHOSHI NBUFETPCH lPTALYOB Y rPRPCHB, TEBOPC RPTKHYUM YN KHUFTPKUFChP CHETJY, "YUFPV ETsezPDOP U LMEOZHR RP DCHB U HDOB URKHEBFSH VSHMP NPTsOP ".

PUPVPZP CHAINBOYS BUUMKHTSYCHBEF DESFEMSHOPUFSH TEBBOPCHB Y ZEDEPOB RP TBURPTPUFTBOEOYA CH LPMPOYSI RPTPUCHEEEOYS. hYUMYEE DMS NBMSHYUYLPCH RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN zEDEPOB VSHMP UKHEEUFCHEOOP TBUYYTEOP U PVSBFEMSHUFCHPN “RTYOINBFSH ABOUT UPDETSBOYE LPNRBOY CHUEI DEFEC NHTSULPZP RPMB VE CHUSLPZ P TBMYYUYS RP RTPYUIIPTSDEOOYA.” lTPNE FPZP, U LBTSDSCHN FTBOURPTFPN OBDMETSBMP PFRTBCHMSFSH RP 10 YUEMPCHEL CH nPULCHH YMY u.-REFETVHTZ ABOUT 5 MEF "DMS PVHYUEOYS OBHLBN, NBUFETUFCHBN Y TENEUMBN" .

CHEUSHNB LTYFYUEULY, IPFS Y OE CHUEZDB URTBCHEDMYCHP, o.r. TEUBOPCH PFOEUUS L DESFEMSHOPUFY DHIPCHOPK NYUUYY, LPFPTBS ZHTNBMSHOP LTEUFYMB “OEULPMSHLP FSHUSYU”, OP OE UKHNEMB “CHIPDIFSH CH PVIYTOSHCHYDSCH OH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, OH LPNRBOYY”. ON UFSHCHDM NPOBIPCH, "UFP OE OBAF POY BNETYLBOULPZP SJSCHLB RP UYE CHTENS" Y RPTHYUM YN "UPVYTBFSH UMPCHBTSH", YuFPVSH "OE FPMSHLP CHUE NPMYFCHSHCH, OP Y UBNSCH RTPRPCHEDY ABOUT BN ETILBOULPN SJSHLE UPYYOSENSH VSHMY.” rPULPMSHLH "CHUSLPE OPCHPE DEM NEDCHEDEN LBTSEPHUS", o.r. TEUBOPCH UBN RTYUFKHRYM "L UPYUYOYA UMPCHBTS UEZP, LPFPTSCHK DPCHPMSHOSCHNOE FTHDPCH UFPYM" Y RTPUYM zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE tbl OBREYUBFBFSH EZP "CH RPMSHЪKH bNETILBOULYI KHYUM YE"

lBL RPLBBBMB t.z. mSRKHOPCHB, PUOPCHOBS ЪBUMHZB CH CHPTPTSDEOOY HYUMYEB ABOUT lBDSHSL RTYOBDMETSBMB ZEDEPOH, LPFPTSCHK U NBTFB 1805 Z. UFBM "ZMBCHOSCHN DYTELFPTPN". хЦЭ Х BCHZKHUFE YUYUMP HYUBEYIUS CHPTPUMP DP 50 YUEMPCHEL, B CH UMEDHAEEN, 1806 Z. DPUFYZMP 100 YUEMPCHEL, CHLMAYUBS FMYOLYFPCH, RTYOSCHYI “ZTELP-TPUUYKULHA RTBCHPUMBCHOHA CHET X".

yj CHPURYFBOOYLPCH zEDEPOB VSCHMY RPDZPFPCHMEOSCH Y HYUFEMS LBDSHLULPZP HYUMYEB, CH YUBUFOPUFY, rBTBNPO yuHNPCHYGLYK, LPFPTSCHK RP RTEDRYUBOYA o.r. TEUBOPCHB OBYUBM RPDZPFPCHLH UMPCHBTS Y ZTBNNBFYLY NEUFOPZP SJSHLB. rPUME UCHPEZP PFYAEDDB YI TKHUULPK bNETYLY CH YAOE 1807 Z. ZEDEPO OBYUM UCHPYN RTEENOILLPN PFGB ZETNBOB, PUFBCHYCH ENKH "OBUFBCHMEOYS" RP DEMBN DHIPCHOPK NYUUYYY KHYUM YEH. “U HDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN RPTHYUBA PUPVEOOOPNH chBYEZP RTERPDPVYS RPREYOOYA ЪBCHEDEOOPE NOPA tPUUYKULP-bNETILBOULPE HYUMYEE, RYUBM ZEDEPO. h RETCHPN PFDEMEOY DEFI DPMTSOSCH PVHYUBFSHUS YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH Y LTBFLPNH LBFEIYYUH, PE ChFPTPN ZTBNNBFYLE, BTYZHNEFYLE, UCHSEEOOOPK Y UCHEFULPK YUFPTYY Z EPZTBJYY. lTPNE FPZP, OE ЪБВШЧЧБКFE RTEDNEFSHCH, PFOPUSEYEUS L IPЪSKUFCHEOOPK YUBUFY; ЪBOINBKFEUSH CHNEUFP PFDSCHIB, LBL RTYHZPFPCHYFSH PZPTPDSH, UBDYFSH Y UESFSH PCHPEY, RPMPFSH, UPVYTBFSH OHTSOSHE FTBCHSHCH, LPTEOSHS... hYuyfemen RTYOBO yCHBO lBDSHSLULYK, F PCHBTYEEN EZP iTYUFPZhPT rTSOYOYLPCH Y RPNPEOILPN RTY OYI bMELUEK lPFEMSHOYLPCH. rBTBNPOKH yHNPCHYGLPNH RTY URPNPEEUFCHPCHBOY DTHZYI CHCHETEOUP UPVYTBOIE UMPCHBTS BMEHFULPZP SJSCHLB; BY DPMTSEO VSHCHFSH Y RETECHPDYUYLPN RTY CHBU. fBLCE JB PFTSDDN HYUEOILLPCH ENMEDEMYS YNEKFE DPMTSOPE UNPFTEOYE Y RTYMETSBOYE ".

UBNPK PUFTPK RTPVMENPK PLBBBMPUSH, PDOBLP, UOBVTSEOYE tHUULPK bNETYLY RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYEN. PUEOSHA 1805 Z. LPMPOY PLBBBMYUSH RETED KHZTPЪPK OBUFPSEEZP ZPMPDB. DMS TEYEOYS LFPC RTPVMENSH o.r. TEЪBOPCH 24 UEOFSVTS (6 PLFSVTS) ЪBLMAYUYM LPOFTBLF U BNETYLBOULYN FPTZPCHGEN dTsPOPN d"chKHMZHPN P RTYPVTEFEOY UKHDOB "aOPOB" U CHPPTHTSEOYEN Y ZTHЪPN ЪB 68 FSHCHU. YURBOULYI RYBUFTPC. dMS PVTBFOPZP RKhFY dts. FBLCE CHELUEMSH ABOUT 31 750 YURBOULYI RYBUFTPC ABOUT ZMBCHOP RTBCHMEOYE tbl CH u.-REFETVHTZE .

UPPVEBS bMELUBODTKH I P UCHPEN RTEVSCCHBOYI ABOUT UIFIE, TEOBOPCH RYUBM, UFP "OBYEM ЪDEUSH DP 200 TPUUYSO Y VPMEE 300 LBDSHSLULYI BNETYLBOGECH VE CHUSLPK RYEY Y ЪBRBUPC... rte DCHBTSS VEDUFCHYE, TEYYMUS KH VPUFPPOGECH LHRYFSH FTEINBYUFPCHPE UKHDOP UP CHUEN ZTHJPN EZP Y OELPFPTSHNY PUFBFLBNY TSYOEOOOSCHI RTYRBUPCH . P RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB CH RPLHRLE TSYYOOOSCHI RTYRBUPCH RPNPEY".

25 ZHCHTBMS 1806 Z. ABOUT LPTBWME “aOPOB” RPD LPNBODPCHBOYEN MEKFEOBOFB o. b. ICHPUFPCHB TEBOPC "U OEPRSCHFOSCHNYY GYOZPFOSHNYY MADSHNY" PFRTBCHYMUS YЪ OChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB CH LBMYZHPTOYA "OB TYUL U FEN, YuFPV YMY URBUFY pVMBUFY, YMY RPZY VOKhFSH» Y YUETE NEUSG DPUFYZ ЪBMYCHB UBO-ZhTBOGYULP .

OBLCHBCHYYUSH "ZMBCHOSCHN OYUBMSHOILPN" TKHUULYI LPMPOYK CH BNETYLE, o.r. TEBBOPCH CHUFKHRIM CH RETEZPCHPTSH U NEUFOSHCHNYA CHMBUFSNY. DMS CHUFTEYUY U OIN CH BRTEME CH UBO-ZhTBOGYULP RTYEIBM ZHVETOBFPT CHETIOEK LBMYZHPTOY IPUE bTYMSHSZB (Jose Arillaga) . “with YULTEOOE ULBTSKH chBN, ЪБСЧИМ о.р. TEOBOPCH ZKHVETOBFPTH, YuFP OHTSEO OBN IMEV, LPFPTSCHK RPMKHYUBFSH NPTSE NSCH YLBOFPOB, OP LBL LBMYZHPTOYS L OBN VMYTSE Y YNEEF CH OEN YIVSHCHFLY, LPPTSCHI OILHDB UVSHCHB FSH OE NPTSEF, FP RTYEIBM S RPZPCHPTYFSH U ChBNY, LBL OBYUBMSHOILPN NEUF UYI, KHCHETSS, YuFP NPTsEN NSCH RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP RPUFBOPCHYFSH NETSCH Y RPUMBFSH ABOUT VMBZPTBUNPFTEOYE Y KHFCHETTSDEOYE DCHPTCH OBUYI.”

ъBDББУБ, УФПСЧИБС RETED TEЪBOPCHSHCHN, VSHMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP UMPTsOPK. NBDTYDULYK DCHPT FEBFEMSHOP PZTBTSDBM UCHPY LPMPOYBMSHOSCH CHMBDEOOYS PF CHUSLIYI CHOEYOYI UCHSJEK Y UFTPZP ЪBRTEEBM MAVSHCHE LPOFBLFSCH U YOPUFTBOGBNY. NEUFOSHCHMBUFY CH LPMPOYSI, IPFS Y YURSHCHFSHCHBMY VPMSHYIE ЪBFTХDOEOYS PF LFPPZP ЪBRTEEEOOYS, OE UNEMY EZP PFLTSCHFP OBTHYYFSH. ъB CHTENS UCHPEZP V-OEDEMSHOPZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH LBMYZHPTOY o.r. TEBOBCH UKHNEM RTPSCHYFSH OEBBHTSDOSH DYRMPNBFYUEULYE URPUPVOPUFY Y BCHPECHBFSH TBURPMPTSEOYE NEUFOPZP YURBOULPZP OBUBMSHUFCHB. gBTULYK LBNETZET Y ZPTDSCHE YURBOGSH DPCHPMSHOP VSHCHUFTP OBYMY PVEIK SJSHL. o.r. TEOBOPCH UPYUKHCHUFCHEOOP CHSHCHUMKHYYCHBM YI TSBMPVSH O "OBZMPUFSH VPUFPPOGECH", UHDB LPFPTSCHI "VEURTEUFBOOP UNHFMYTHAF RP VETEZBN", "RPFBEOOKHA FPTZPCHMA RTPYCHPDSF" Y "CHUENY OBZ MPUFSNY YEHF UTEDUFCH... CHPDCHPTYFSHUS CH YURBOULYI CHMBDEOSI ".

UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, LBMYZHPTOYKULYK ZHVETOBFPT "U VPMSHYYN KHDPCHPMSHUFCHEN" CHSHUMKHYYCHBM TBUUKHTSDEOOYS UCHPEZP UPVEUEDOILB P TBCHYFYY "CHBYNOPK FPTZPCHMY" NETSDH BNETYLBOWL YNY PVMBUFSNY PVEYI DETSBCH, CH TEЪKHMSHFBFE YuEZP "LPMPOY RTPGCHEFBFSH VHDHF", B "VETEZB OBIY, UPUFBCHMSS CHBYNOKHA NETSDH UPVPK UCHSSH, CHUEZDB PVEYNY DETSBCHBNY TBCHOP VHDHF ЪBEEBENSH Y OILFP HCE NETSDKH OYNY CHPDCHPTYFSHUS OE PFCHBTSYFUS.”

rTEVSCCHBOIE o.r. TEUBOPCHB CH LBMYZHPTOY Y EZP RETEZPCHPTSH YURBOULYNY CHMBUFSNY PLBBBMYUSH OETBTSCHOP UCHSBOSCH U PDOPK YUBNSHI TPNBOFYUOSHI YUFPTYK FPZP READING. VKHDHYUY "PVMBULBO" CH DPNE LPNEODBOFB UBO-ZhTBOGYULP iPUE dBTYP bTZKHMSHP (bTZKHMMP, Jose Dario Arguello), TEBBOPCH UVMYYYMUS U EZP AOPK DPYUTSHA, RTELTBUOPK DPOOPC lPOUERUSHPO (Maria de la Con cepcion Marcella), YMY, LBL EE OBSCHBMY CH UENSHE, lPOYUEK, lPOYUYFPK (Concha, Conchita), LPFPTBS UMSHMB "LTBUPA lBMYZHPTOYY". h "YURPCHEDY YUBUFOSCHI UCHPYI RTYLMAYUEOYK" ZTBZHH o.r. TKHNSOGECH TE'BOPCH RYUBM: "etsEDOECHOP LHTFYYYTHS ZYYRBOULHA LTBUBCHYGH, RTYNEFYM S RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHCHK IBTBLFET EE, YUEUFPMAVYE OEPZTBOYUEOOPE, LPFPTPPE RTY RSFOB DGBFYMEFOEN ITS CHPTBUFE HCE FPMSHLP PDOPK EK YI CHUEZP UENEKUFCHB DEMBMP PFUYOKH ITS OERTYSFOPA. CHUEZDB CH YHFLBI PFЪSCCHBMBUSH POB P OEK: “rTELTBUOBS YENMS, FARMSHCHK LMYNBF, IMEVB Y ULPFB NOPZP, Y VPMSHYE OYUEZP.” with RTEDUFBCHMSM EK tPUUYKULYK RPUKHTPCHEE Y RTY FPN PE CHUEN JIPVIMSHOSHCHK, POB VSHMB ZPFPCHB TSYFSH CH OEN, Y OBLPOEG OYUKHCHUFCHYFEMSHOP RPUEMYM S CH OEK OEFETREMYCHPUFSH KHUMSHCHYBFSH PF NEOS YuFP-MYVP RPUETSHEE DP FPZP, YuFP MYYSH RTEDMPTSYM EK THLH, FP Y RPMKHYUM UPZMBUYE. rTEDMPTSEOYE NPE UTBYMP CHPURYFBOOSCHI CH ZHBOBFYYNE ITS TDYFEMEC, TBOPUFSH TEMYZYK Y CHREDEDY TBBMHLB U DPUETSHA VSHCHMY DMS OYI ZTPNPCHSHCHN HDBTTPN. Sing RTYVEZMY L NYUUYPOETBN. FE OE OBMY, LBL TEYYFSHUS, CHPYYMY VEDOKHA lPOUERUYA CH GETLPCHSH, YURPCHEDSHCHBMY EE, KHVETSDBMY L PFLBYH, OP TEYINPUFSH EE OBLPOEG CHUEI KHURPLPIMB. UCHSFSHCH PFGSH PUFBCHYMY TBTEYEOYA TYNULPZP RTEUFPMB, Y S ETSEMY OE Oil Refinery PLPOYUYFSH TSEOIFSHVPK NPEK, FP UDEMBM ABOUT FP LPODYGYPOOSCHK BLF Y RTYOKHDIM RPNPMCHYFSH OBU, ABOUT YFP UPZMB YEOP U FEN, YuFPV DP TBTEYEOYS rBRSHCH UYE VSHMP FBKOPA ".

YUFPTYS MAVCHY o.r. TEBOPCHB Y lPOUERUSHPO DE bTZKHMMP RPTPDYMB VPMSHYKHA MYFETBFKHTH. dMS FPZP YUFPVSH RTYDBFSH UCHPENH RPCHEUFCHPCHBOYA VPMEE ЪBOINBFEMSHOSHCHK IBTBLFET, YUFPTYLYY MYFETBFPTSCH OE ULKHRYMYUSH ABOUT TBOPZP TPDB LTBUPYUOSHE DEFBMY Y UBNPZP o. r. TEBOPCHB CH BOZMYKULYI YDBOYSI PVSHYUOP YNEOPCHBMY “ZTBZHPN”. yNEOOP FBL OBSCHBM o.r. TEUBOPCHB w. VTEF ZBTF, CHPNPTSOP, RPFPNKH, YuFP TYZHNPCHBFSH UMPP "ZTBZ" (Count) MEZUE, YUEN "LBNETZET" (Chamberlain). YULTEOOSS MAVPCHSH L 40-MEFOENH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPNH LBNETZETH DPUFBCHYMB RTELTBUOPK lPOUERUSHPO UMYYLPN NBMP TBDPUFY Y UMYYLPN NOPZP REYUBMY, OP ЪBFP RPNPZMB tHUULPK bN ETYLE RETETSYFSH PDYO JOBYVPMEE FTHDOSHHI RETYPDPCH IUFPTYY. TBOPPPVTBOSCH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSCH FPCHBTSHCH, Y RTETSDE CHUEZP IMEV, RPUME RPNPMCHLY TEBBOPCHB CH FBLPN YЪPVIMYY RPFELMY CH FTASH "aOPOSCH", SFP RTYYMPUSH RTPUIFSH "PUFBOPCHYF" SH CHPLKH", FBL LBL UKHDOP OE NPZMP RTYOSFSH VPMEE 4300 RKhDPCH. “about BYUBMSHOSHCHK PRSHCHF FPTZPCHMY U LBMYZHPTOYEK” PLBUBMUS, FBLYN PVTBBPN, CHEUSHNB KHDBUOSCHN. lBL PFNEYUBM TEBOPCH, "LBTSDPZPDOP" LFB FPTZPCHMS NPTSEF RTPYCHPDYFSHUS "RP NBMPK NETTE ABOUT NYMMYPO THVMEK. bNETYLBOULYE PVMBUFY OBIY OE VHDHF YNEFSH OEDPUFBFLB; lBNUBFLB Y PIPFUL NPZHF UOBVTSBFSHUS IMEVPN Y DTHZYNY RTYRBUBNY; SLKHFSCH, OSCHOE ChPЪLPK IMEVB PFSZPEOOOSCHE, RPMKHYUBF URPLPKUFCHYE; LBOB KHNEOSHYF YJDETSLY, ABOUT RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPEOOSCHI YUYOPCH KHRPFTEVMSENCH.., FBNPTSOY DBDHF OPCHSHCHK DPIPD LPTPOE, CHOKHFTEOOOSS CH TPUUYY RTPNSCHYMEOOPUFSH RPMKHYUIF YUKHCHUFCHYFEM SHOP PVPDTEOYE..." .

RETED UCHPYN PFYAEDDPN YUBO-ZhTBOGYULP o.r. TEBBOPCH PVTBFYMUS UP UREGYBMSHOSCHN RYUSHNPN L CHYGE-LPTPMA OPChPK yURBOY iPUE yFHTTYZBTBA, CH LPFPTPN RPDTPVP PVPUOPCHBM CHBYNOSHCHCHZPDSH PF TBCHYFYS FPTZPCHMY: “o PCHBS LBMYZHPTOYS, CH YЪPVIMYY RTPYCHPDSEBS TBЪOPZP TPDB ЪETOP Y ULPF, NPTsEF UVSHCHBFSH UCHPY RTPDHLFSCH MYYSH CH OBUY RPUEMEOYS, RYUBM TEЪBOPCH CHYGE -LPTPMA CH NEIYLP, POB NPTSEF VSHCHUFTEE CHUEZP OBIPDIFSH RPNPESH, RPMKHYUBS CHUE OEPVIPDYNPE RPUTEDUFCHPN FPTZPCHMY U OBYNY PVMBUFSNY; MKHYUYN UTEDUFCHPN DPVYFSHUS VMBZPUPUFPSOYS NYUUYK Y RTYCHEUFY UFTBOKH L RTPGCHEFBOYA SCHMSEFUS PVNEO YJMYYLPCH EE RTDPDHLGYY ABOUT FPCHBTSHCH, ЪB LPFPTSHCHE OE OHTsOP RMBFYFSH OBM YYUOSCHNYI ChChP LPFPTSCHI OE UCHSBHO U FTHDOPUFSNY...ch FPK CE NETE VMYJPUFSH RETECHPPL PVMEZUYF UKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE OBUYI RPUEMEOYK ABOUT ACCOUNTING, LPFPTSCHE OSHCHOE ЪБЧПБСФ YЪDBMELB CHUE FP, CH YUEN YN PFLBSCHCHBEF UHTPCHPUFSH LMYNBFB.” bFY UCHSY, RP NOEOYA o.r. TEBOPCHB, RTEDPRTEDEMEOSH "UBNPK RTYTPPDK" Y RTYYCHBOSHCH "OBCHUEZDB UPITBOIFSH DTHTSVKH NETSDDH PWYNY DETSBCHBNY, CHMBDEAEYNY UFPMSH PVIYTOSHNY FETTYFPTYSNY" .

oEMSHЪS OE RTYOBFSH, YuFP o.r. TEBBOPCH RTELTBUOP TBVYTBMUS CH RPMYFYLE, PVMBDBM VPMSHYYN LTHZPTPTPN, YYTPLINE CHYDEOYEN UPVSHCHFYK, YUEN, LUFBFY, Y RMEOYM CHPPVTBTTSEOYE UCHPEK AOPC OECHEUFSHCH LBMYZHT OYY. BY RTYOBDMETSBM L FPK RMESDE ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSHI DESFEMEK tPUUYY (o.r. TKHNSOGECH, o.u. nPTDCHYOPCH Y DT.), LPFPTSHCHYDEMY CHUMED ЪB REFTPN I PZTPNOSHCH RETURELFYCHSH DMS TPUUY ABOUT DBMSHOEN chPUFPLE, CH UECHETOPK bNETYLE Y OB CHUEN fYIPPLEBOWLPN UECHETE. lBL Y z. y. yEMYIPCH, o.r. TEOBOPCH VSHM OBUFPSEIN UFTPYFEMEN YNRETYY, PDOYN YY RPUMEDOYI (OBTSDH U ZMBCHOSCHN RTBCHYFEMEN TKHUULPK bNETYLY b.b. vBTBOPCHSCHN), LFP RPRSHCHFBMUS PUHEEUFCHYFSH UCHPA RTPZTBN NH CH LFPN TBKPOE ABOUT RTBLFYLE.

MEFPN 1806 Z., RTEDYUKHCHUFCHHS UCHPA CHPNPTSOKHA UNETFSH, o.r. TEUBOPCH PUFBCHYM b.b. vBTBOPCHH "UELTEFOPPE RTEDRYUBOYE", CH LPFPTPN LBUBMUS "NOPZYI RTEDNEFPCH DMS FPZP, YuFPV ABOUT UNETFOSCHK PVPYI OBU U CHBNY UMKHYUBK CHYDEMY RTEENOILY OBYY, YuFP VSHMP P VMBZPHUFTPKUFCHE RP NSCHYMSENP, Y RTY RPMHYUEOY YNY URPUPVPCH OE PRKHUFYMY RTYCHEUFSH CH YURPMOEOYE FE RTEDMPTSEOYS, L LPFPTSCHN ABOUT UEK TB NSCH DPUFBFPYUSHI UYM OE YNEEN.”

rPLYDBS "UECHETP-ЪBRBDOSCHK VETEZ BNETYLY", o.r. TEBBOPCH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH PVTBEBM CHOYNBOYE ABOUT CHBTSOPUFSH UPJDBOYS CH LPMPOYSI RPUFPSOOPZP OBUEMEOYS Y TELPNEODPCHBM RPPETSFSH ЪBLPOFTBLFPCHBOOSHI MYG UPZMBYBFSHUS ABOUT RPUFPSOOP TSYF EMSHUFCHP. dMS RPPETEOYS UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB DPNPCH, ЪBCHEDEOYS PZPTPDPCH Y F. D. RTEDMBZBMPUSH RETEDBCHBFSH YN YENMA "CH CHYUOPE Y RPFPNUFCHOOPE CHMBDEOYE". TKHUULYE LPMPOY OBNEYUBMPUSH "PVE'PRBUYFSH CHPEOOSHCHN ZBTOY'POPN", VHI YuEZP o.r. TEBOBOPCH RMBOYTPCHBM "OB RETCHSHCHK TB" CHSHUMBFSH "57 RKHYEL Y 4 NBTFYTSCH U RTYMYUOSCHN YUYUMPN CHPEOOSCHI UOBTSDPCH", B ЪBFEN ETsESPDOP "UP CHUSLYN YЪ REFETVHTZB FTBOURPTFP N» CHCHUSCHMBFSH 250 RKhDPCH RPTPIB Y 600 RKhDPCH UCHYOGB. THLLPCHPDUFCHH tbl PO RTEDMPTSYM HYUTEDYFSH CH LPMPOYSI RIMSHOSCHK ЪBCHPD, ZPURYFBMSH, GETLPCHSH Y F. D. UREGYBMSHOSCHN TBURPTTSEOYEN PF 15 (27) ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHK LBN ETZET Y PVET-RTPLHTPT UEOBFB HYUTEDYM CHSHVPTOSCHK "UHD RPD OBCHBOYEN TBURTBCHSH RTPNSCHYMEOOOSCHY Y BNETYLBOGECH", LPFPTPNH CHNEOSMPUSH CH PVSBOOPUFSH "UPRTSZBFSH RTBCHPUKHDIYE U LTPFPUFSHA" .

OBYUYFEMSHOSCHK YOFETEU RTEDUFBCHMSAF RTBLFYUEULYE DEKUFCHYS Y UPPVTBTTSEOYS o.r. TEBBOPCHB P TBCHYFYY FPTZPCHSHHI UCHSJEK Y RPMHYUEOYY RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS YЪ LBMYZHPTOYY, sRPOYY, ZHYMYRRYOULYYY P-CHCHYY TSDB DTHZYI NEUF. "UBNSCHN OBDETSOEKYYN UTEDUFCHPN" PVEUREYUYFSH UOBVTSEOYE TKHUULYI RPUEMEOYK CH bNETYLE IMEVPN BY UYFBM "CHPDCHPTEOYE" TKHUULYI ABOUT "VETEZBI oCHPZP bMSHVYPOB". bFK TSE GEMY DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UMKHTSYFSH "RPMKHYUEOYE YJ vPUFPOB OHTSOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB IMEVB, LPFPTSCHK CHUEZDB CH RPMPCHYOH PIPFULYI GEO PVPKDEFUS" (R. VII), RPLHRLB UHDHR X "b NETILBOULYI yFBFPCH" (R. III) Y F. D.

UTEDY DTHZYI NO RP KHMHYUYEOYA KHRTBCHMEOYS THUULPK bNETYLPK teBOPCH RTEDMBZBM PUHEEUFCHYFSH TBDEMEOYE THLPCHPDUFCHB ZTBTSDBOULYNYY FPTZPCHSHNY DEMBNY (YI UPCHNEEEOYE CH PDOYI THLBI OE NPZMP OE CHEUFY L RTPYCHPMH Y OMPHRPFTEVMEOYSN), PFLTSCHCHBFSH YLPMSH Y VPMSHOYGSCH Y OBRTBCHYFSH CH LLMPOY OPCHSHHI UCHSEOOOILPC.

xYUFSHCHBS OEDPUFBFPL DEOEZ, o.r. TEBOBOPCH RTEDMPTSYM RTBCHMEOYA tbl "ACCOUNT PVEEBOOSCHI VYMEFPCH... CHSHCHVYFSH PUPVHA DMS ЪDEYOEZP LTBS NPOEFKH." h LFPN UMHUBE BY RTEDCHYDEM "KHNOPTSEOYE" RTPNSCHUMB, UEMSHULPZP IP'SKUFCHB Y FPTZPCHMY. “rTYIPDSEYE UADB ABOUT YYNPCHLH YOPUFTBOOSCH UHDB VHDHF FBLCE DBOOILBNY FTHDPCH TSYFEMEC. UMPCHPN: FERTSH CHUE NETFCHP, OP FPZDB EDYOSCHN PVTBEEOYEN NPOEFSH CHEUSH LTBC PCYCHYFUS” (R. X).

“YYASUOSS chBN EEE ABOUT UEK TB NSCHUMY NPI, ЪBLMAYUBM TEЪBOPCH, PUFBCHMSA YULHUUFCHH, U LPFPTSHN UFPMSH DPMZPE CHTENS chsch ЪDEYOYN LTBEN HRTBCHMSEFE, RTPCHPDYFSH CH PMA L TSEMBENPK FPÜLE. OE ULTPA PF ChBU, YUFP ZPTDYMUS VSCH S TBDEMYFSH U ChBNY FTHD UEK, OP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB L RPMSHJBN TSE PFEYUEUFCHB CHMELHF NEOS CH UFPMYGH.”

5. REJUBMSHOCK LRYMPZ

chSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBS RTBLFYUEULHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH Y RMBOSH o.r. TEBBOPCHB CH PFOPEYOY VKHDHEEZP tHUULPK bNETYLY, lBNYUBFLY Y CHUEZP fYIPPLEBOULPZP UECHETB, OEMSHЪS OE PFNEFYFSH, YuFP HCE RPUME PFYAEDDB YЪ OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB 26th AMS 1806 Z. BY RTYOSM UCHPE UBNPE OERTPDKHNBOOPE Y FTBZYUEULPE TEYEOYE, RPTHYUYCH LPNBODYTH "aOPOSCH" o. b. iCHPUFPCHH PUHEEUFCHYFSH UELTEFOHA LUREDYGYA L lHTYMSHULIN P-CHBN Y UBIBMYOH. rP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, RPUMBOIL FSTSEMP RETETSYCHBM OEKHDBYUKH UCHPEK NYUUYY CH sRPPOYA. eEE CH NENPTBODKHNE SRPOULPNKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH BY RTEDHRTETSDBM, "YUFPVSH SRPOULBS YNRETYS DBMEE UECHETOPK PLPOYUOPUFY PUFTPPCHB nBFNBS PFOADSH CHMBDEOOK UCHPYI OE RTPUFYTBMB", Y ZTPYM CH UMHYUBE "ChFPTYYUOPZP OEKHCHBTSEOYS" RTYOSFSH "NETSH, LPFPTSHCH OBTPDE VHDHF ZYVEMSHOSHCH Y OE CHPCHTBFOSCH RTPY'CHEDHF RPFETY." 15 ZHECHTBMS 1806 Z. CH DPOUEEOY bMELUBODTKH I TEUBOPCH UPPVEIM P UCHPEN OBNETEOY CH VKHDHEEN ZPDH PFRTBCHYFSHUS “L VETEZBN SRPOULINE” Y CHSHCHFEUOYFSH “YЪ uBIBMYOB CHPDCHPTEOYE ABOUT OEN UPU EDYK OBYI" Y RTYUMBFSH CH BNETYLH "LPMPOYA RMEOOOSCHI".

FERETSH, YNES CH UCHPEN TBURPTSTSEOYY "aOPOX" Y "bCHPUSH", TEBOPCH RTSNP RPTKHYUM TKHUULYN NPTSLBN CHPKFY CH ZHVH BOYCHB "Y, VHDS OBKDEFE SRPOULYE UKHDB, YUFTEVYFSH YI; MADEK ZPDOSHI CH TBVPFKH Y DPTPPCHSHCHI" DPUFBCHYFSH CH OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL, B DTHZYI PFRTBCHYFSH O UECHETOKHA PLPOYUOPUFSH nBFNBS, ЪBRTEFYCH YN RPUEEBFSH uBIBMYO YOBYUE, "LBL RT YETSBS DMS FPTZB, L LPFPTPNH TPUUYSOE CHUEZDB ZPFPCHSH VHDHF. YuFPVSH LBL-FP UZMBDYFSH FY TBVPKOSH DEKUFCHYS, TEBOPC PVSJBM o. b. iChPUFPChB "CHUADH ULPMSHLP NPTsOP UPITBOSFSH YUEMPCHYUEUFChP, YVP CHEUSH RTEDNEF TSEUFPLPUFY OE RTPFYCH YUBUFOSCHI MADEK PVTBEEO VShchFSH DPMTSEO, OP RTPFYCH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, LPFPT PE, MYYBS YI FPTZPCHMY, DETSYF CH TSEUFPLPK OECHPME Y VEDOPUFY".

FERETSH NPTsOP FPMSHLP KhDYCHMSFSHUS, LBL PVTBPCHBOOSCHK Y NSZLYK YUEMPCHEL Refinery TEYYFSHUS ABOUT PFRTBCHLH RPDPVOPK LUREDYGYY. chYDYNP, RPOINBS OERTBCHPNETOPUFSH UCHPYI DEKUFCHYK, o.r. TEBOBOPCH OBLBOKHOYE UCHPEZP PFYAEDDB YI PIPFULB OBUYEM OHTSOSCHN RPTHYUYFSH o. b. ICHPUFPCHH, "CHUE RTETSDE RTEDRYUBOOPE PUFBCHS, UMEDPCHBFSH CHBN CH bNETYLH L RPDLTERMEOYA MADSHNY RPTFB OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB." chNEUFE U FEN CH OPCHPN RTEDRYUBOY UPITBOSMBUSH PZPCHPTLB, YuFP "ETSEMY CHEFTSCH VEЪ RPFETY CHTENEY PVTSKHFSH CHBU ЪBKFY CH ZHVH BOYCHH, FP UFBTBKFEUSH PVMBULBFSH UBIBMYOGECH RPDBTLBNYY NEDBMSNYY CHZMSOFE, CH LBLPN UPUFPSOY CHPDCHPTEOYE SRPOGECH CH OEN OBIPDIFUS. dPChPMSHOP YURPMOOYE Y UEZP UDEMBEF CHBN YUEUFY, B VPMEE CHUEZP CHPCHTBEEOYE CHBYE H bNETYLH, UKHEEUFCHEOOHA RPMSHQH RTYOPUSEEE, DPMTSOP VShchFSH ZMBCHOSCHN Y RETCHSHCHN RTEDNEF Mon ChBYEZP HUETDYS" .

OE DBCH ICHPUFPCHH LBLYI-MYVP DPRPMOYFEMSHOSHI TBYASUOOYK, TEBOPCH CH FPF TSE DEOSH RPLYOKHM PIPFUL, B LPNBODYT "aOPOSCH", TEYCH UMEDPCHBFSH RETCHPOYUBMSHOPK YOUFTHLGYY, PFRT BCHYMUS CH ЪBM. BOYCHB, LHDB RTYVSHCHM 6 PLFSVTS, CHCHUBDYMUS OB VETEZ, CHSM CH RMEO YUEFSHTEI SRPOULYI LHRGPCH, CHTHYUM BKOULINE UFBTYOBN DPLKHNEOFSHCH, RPDFCHETTSDBAEYE RTBChP tPUUYY ABOUT ATSOSCHK UB IBMYO, Y UTSES SRPOULYK ULMBD. h NBE UMEDHAEEZP ZPDB "aOPOB" (LPNBODYT iCHPUFPCH) Y "bCHPUSH" (LPNBODYT dBCHSCHDPCH) RPUEFYMY lHTYMSHULYE PUFTPCHB. ABOUT YFHTHRE SING CHSMY CH RMEO RSFSH SRPOGECH. fTEI PFRKHUFYMY, B DCHHI PUFBCHYMY LBL RETECHPDYUYLPCH. ABOUT HTHRE Y LHOBYTE UPTSZMY SRPOULYE ULMBDSCH, B ЪBFEN CHOPSHS RPVSHCHBMY CH ЪBM. BOYCHB, ZDE VSHMB PUOPCHBOB TKHUULBS LPMPOYS, RTPUKHEEUFCHPCHBCHYBS DP 1847 Z. h RYUSHNE PF 28 NBS 1807 Z., PFRTBCHMEOOOPN YuETE SRPOGECH ZKHVETOBFPTKH LDIP, o. b. ICHPUFPCH RYUBM, Legal Entity "UPUEDUFChP TPUUYY Y sRPOYY ЪBUFBCHYMP TSEMBFSH DTHTSEULYI UCHSJEK Y FPTZPCHMY", OP PFLB RPUPMSHUFCHH CH OOBZBUBLY Y "TBURTPUFTBOEOYE FPTZPCHMY" SRPOGECH RP lHTYMSHULIN PUFTPPCHBN Y UBIBMYOH, SLP CHMBDEOOSN tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY, RTYOKHDIMP, OBLPOEG, UYA DETSBCHH KHRPFTEVMSFSH DTHZYE NETSCH.”

rPUME CHPCHTBEEOYS CH PIPFUL OBYUBMSHOIL RPTFB LBRYFBO 2-ZP TBOSB th. O. vHIBTYO TBUGEOYM DEKUFCHYS ICHPUFPCHB Y dBCHSCHDPHB LBL UBNPHRTBCHUFChP, BTEUFPCHBM YI RPDCHETZ UFTPZPNH DPRTPUH. rTEDRTYYNYUYCHSHN NPTSLBN, PDOBLP, HDBMPUSH VETSBFSH Y DPVTBFSHUS CH NBE 1808 Z. DP u.-REFETVHTZB. h UCHSY U CHPKOPK UP ychegyek h LBUEUFCHE OBLBBBOYS PVB NPTSLB VSHMY PFRTBCHMEOSH CH TBKPO VPECHSHI DEKUFCHYK CH ZHYOMSODYY. ъB PFNEOOHA ITBVTPUFSH YI RTEDUFBCHYMY L OBZTBTSDEOYA PTDEOBNY, OP bDNITBMFEKUFCH-LPMMEZYS RTYOBMB NPTSLLPCH CHYOPCHOSCHNY H VEUYOUFCHBI RTPFYCH SRPOGECH, Y bMELUBODT I CH L BYUEUFCHE OBLBBBOYS MYYYM YI ЪBUUMHTSEOOPZP OZTBTSDEOOYS. TsYOSH PVPYI NPTSLPC ЪBLPOYUMBUSH FTBZYUEULY 14 PLFSVTS 1809 Z. RTY TBCHPDE NPUFPCH SING HFPOKHMY CHECH. rPUMEDUFCHYEN YI TBVPKOSCHI DEKUFCHYK RTPFYCH SRPOULYI RPUEMEOYK UFBMP RMEOOYE ABOUT P-CH LHOBYT CH 1811 Z. LBRYFBOB ch. zPMPCHOYOB Y DTHZYI PZHYGETPCH YMARB "DYBOB", PUCHPVPTSDEOOOSCHI FPMSHLP YUETE DCHB ZPDB, LPZDB SRPOULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP KHVEDYMPUSH, "UFP RTETSOEEE ZTBVYFEMSHUFChP" VSHMP UDEMBOP VE CHEDPNUFCHB TPUUYKULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB .

fTBZYUEULPK PLBBBMBUSH UHDSHVB J o.r. TEBOPCHB, LPFPTSHCHK ABOUT RTPFSTSEOYY CHUEZP LTHZPUCHEFOPZP RMBCHBOYS YUKHCHUFCHPCHBM UEVS VPMSHOSCHN. fTHDOSHCHN VHI RPUMBOOILB PLBBBMPUSH Y 6-NEUSYUOPE RTEVSCCHBOYE CH ABZBUBLY, ZDE PO ZBLFYUEULY OBIPDIYMUS RPD DPNBOYN BTEUFPN, B FBLCE RKhFEYUFCHYE CH BNETYLH. h RMPIPN UPUFPSOYY TEOBOPCH PUEOSH 1806 Z. PFRTBCHYMUS YЪ pIPFULB "RP NOPZPFTHDOPNKH CHEUSHNB RHFY CHETIPCHPA EDPA" h sLHFUL. h RKhFY EZP ЪBUFYZMY "NPTPPSCH Y UOEZB", BY "CEUFPLP YOKHTSM UEVS Y RTPUFKhDYMUS". u FTHDPN TEUBOPCHB DPCHEMY DP sLHFULB, “HERE Y MEYUMY EZP DOEK 10 DPLFPTPN, B RPFPN Y DP yTLHFULB DPEIBM CH UMBVPN ЪДПТПЧШЭ” .

oEPVIPDYNP PFNEFYFSH, YuFP ABOUT CHUEN RKhFY UMEDPCHBOYS TEBBOPCHB CHUFTEYUBMY U OEPVSHCHUBKOSCHN TBDHYEN. “rTYEIBCH CH sLHFUL, RYUBM o.r. TEUBOPCH n. n. vKHMDBLPCHH, CHYDEM WITH VMBZPDBTOPUFSH UPPFYUYUEK NPYI. CHEUSH ZPTPD ЪB TELPK CHUFTEFYM NEOS, Y OBRETETSCHCH HZPEBMY. ъDEUSH, CH YTLHFULE, EEE VPMEE CHYDEM MBULY YI, NEOS ЪББДБЧЯМ РПЪДТБЧМОВНИ... lBL YYOPCHOIL, FBL Y ZTBTSDBOE DBCHBMY CHUSLYK DEOSH RTBDOYLY, PVEDSCH, VBMSHCH, HTSY OSC. s YЪ VMBZPDBTOPUFY, IPFS Y VEЪ KhDPChPMSHUFCHYS, OP FBULBMUS CHUADH, Y YЪ FPK TSE VMBZPDBTOPUFY DBM Y S CHUENKH ZPTPDH Ch DPNE HYUMYEB ABOUT 300 YUEMPCHEL PVED, VBM Y HTSYO, L PFPTSCHK NOE DP 2 FSHCHU. THVMEK UFPYM.” “lBL DPVTSHCHK LHREG” teBOPCH CHUADH CHOILBM CH DEMB tbl Y “CHUE UYMSCH KHRPFTEVIM, YUFPVSHCH RPMOPN CHYDE DPUFYUSH ЪCHBOYS UEZP.” OE OBBS, LBL zMBCHOPE RTBCHMEOYE PFOUEEFUS L EZP RMBOKH, TEBOPC RPDYUETLYCHBM, YuFP "OE EBDIM DMS OEZP TSIYOY" Y FBL YN ZPTDYMUS, "YuFP OYUEZP, LTPNE RTYOBFEMSHOPUF Y RPFPNLPCH» OE CEMBEF. ETsEDOECHOP CHUFTEYUBSUSH U OPCHSHCHN UYVYTULIN ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN y. V. REUFEMEN, TEBOPCH NOPZP "ZPCHPTYM U OIN P LPNRBOYY, P RPMSH'BI EE, P OECHPNPTSOPUFY UYVYTY UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH VE OEE CH VMBZPDEOUFCHEOOPN CHYDE." OE VEЪ FTKHDB PO UKHNEM "CHPURMBNEOYFSH" UCHPYNY PVOYTOEKYNYY RMBOBNY LPMEVMAEEZPUS ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTB, LPFPTSCHK RTYOBMUS, YuFP YI UCHYDBOYE "TEYYMP DMS OEZP LFPF ZPTDYE CH HYEM" .

NETSDH FEN CH TEJHMSHFBFE HFPNYFEMSHOSHCHI CHUFTEYY RTYENPCH ЪДПТПЧШе о.р. TEBOPCHB RTDDPMTsBMP "RTENEFOP UMBVEFSH", Y GYFYTHENPE RYUSHNP n. n. VKHMDBLPCHH, RP UHFY DEMB, RTEDUFBCHMSMP UPVPK EZP RTEDUNETFOKHA YURPCHEDSH Y EBCHEEBOYE. rPDCHPDS YFPZY UCHPEK TSYOY, PO OE RETEUFBCHBM DKHNBFSH P DCHHI MAVYNSHI YN TSEEOYOBY RPLPCOPK TSEOE BOOE ZTYZPTSHEHOE yEMYIPCHPK Y UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFE lPOUERUY DE BTZHMMMP .

“OBLPOEG S CH YTLHFULE! OBUYOBM TEЪBOPCH LFP UCHPE UBNPE REYUBMSHOPE RYUSHNP. mYYSH KHCHYDEM ZPTPD UEK, FP Y ЪBMYMUS UMEЪBNY. with Y DEOSH, CHESCHYYUSH ЪB RETP, MSHA UMESH. NYMSCHK, VEUGEOOOSCHK DTKHZ NPK TSYCHEF CH UETDGE NPEN PDYOBLPCHP! uEZPDOS DEOSH UCHBDSHVSH NPEC (RP CHUEK CHYDINPUFY, UCHBDSHVB TE'BOPCHB U AOPK BOOPK yEMYIPCHPK UPUFPSMBUSH 24 SOCHBTS 1795 Z., LPZDB EK OE YURPMOYMPUSH EEE Y 15 MEF Y EEE DP U NETFY EE PFGB z.y.yEMYIPCHB.rTYNETOP UFPMSHLP TSE VSHMP CH 1806 Z. Y RTELTBUOPK lPOUERUYY.nyOINBMSHOSCHK CHPTBUF DMS CHUFKHRMEOYS CH VTBL DMS TSEEOYO CH TPUUYY CH FP CHTENS VSHHM 13 MEF, B DMS NHTSYUYO 15 MEF. p.?.), TsYChP UNPFTA S ABOUT LBTFY OH RTETSOEZP UYUBUFSHS NPEZP, UNPFTA ABOUT CHUY ZPTSHLP RMBUH . s KHCHYTSKH ITS RTETSDE FEWS... UMSH NPI NEOS PUFBCHMSAF. with DEOSH PFP DOS IHTSE Y UMBWEE. OE OBBA, NPZH MY S DPPFBEIFSHUS DP CHBU: TBBPYUFKHUSH U UPVPK Y UP CHTENEOEN, Y VHDE OEF, FP OE IYUH KHNYTBFSH ABOUT DPTPZE Y CHPYSHNH MHYUYE ЪDEUSH NEUFP, CH OBNEOULPN, VM JЪ PFGB EE" (F. E. z. y. yEMYIPCHB , LPFPTSHK VSHM RPIPTPOO ABOUT FETTYFPTYY OBNEOUULPZP NPOBUFSHTS CH YTLHFULE. o.v.).

“rBFTYPFYIN ЪBUFBCHYM NEOS YOKHTYFSH CHUE UYMSCH NPI; With RMBChBM RP NPTSN, LBL KhFLB; UFTBDBM PF ZPMPDB, IPMPDB, CH FP CE CHTENS PF PVIDSCH Y EEE CHDCHPE PF UETDEYUOSHI MSW NPYI.”

h LPOGE RYUSHNB CHBTSOBS RTYRYULB: “yЪ LBMYZHPTOYKULPZP DPOUEEOYS NPEZP OE UPYUFY, NPK DTKHZ, NEOS CHEFTEOYGEK. MAVPCHSH NPS KH CHBU CH OECHULPN, RPD LHULPN NTBNPTB, B ЪDEUSH UMEDUFCHYE EOFKHYBINB Y OPCHBS TSETFCHB PFEYUUFCHH”. EUMY VSC TEOBOPCH RPUFBCHYM ЪDEUSH FPYULH, YUYFBFEMSH Refinery OBRPDPYFSH EZP CH OEYULTEOOPUFY CH PFOPEYOYY UCHPEK AOPK OECHEUFSHCH. OP RPDFCHETTSDBS MAVPCHSH L UCHPEK VECHTENEOOP KHNETYEK TSEOE Y YURPCHEDKHSUSH RETED UNETFSHHA, o.r. TEBOBCH UYEM OEPVIPDYNSCHN DPVBCHYFSH: “lPOFEOUYS (FBL CH DPLHNEOFE) NYMB, LBL BOSEM, RTELTBUOB, DPVTB UETDGEN, MAVYF NEOS; S MAVMA EE RMBUKH P FPN, UFP OEF EK NEUFB CH UETDGE NPEN. ъDEUSH, DTHZ NPK, LBL ZTEYOIL ABOUT DKHIKH, LBAUSH, OP FSH, LBL RBUFSHTSH NPK, UPITBOY FBKOKH.”

fY UMPCHB CHTSD MY OHTSDBAFUS CH RPDTPVOSHHI LPNNEOFBTYSI. DKHNBS RETED UNETFSHHA P UCHPEK RPLPKOPK TSEOE Y ЪBVPFSUSH P DEFSI, TEBOPCH UP UMEBNY IPFEM CHSHVTPUIFSH YY UCHPEZP UETDGB RPNPMCHLH U lPOUERUYEK, RTEDUFBCHYCH EE "LBL UMEDUFCHY E EOFKHYBBN" Y TSETFCHH pFEYUEUFCHH. pUFBEFUS, RPTsBMKhK, FPMSHLP RPSUOYFSH, YuFP o.r. TEBBOPCHB PZPTYUYMP OEHDPCHPMSHUFCHYE RP RPCHPDH EZP RPCHEDEOYS ZTBZHB o.r. tHNSOGECHB. "with VSHM PZPTYUEO DP LTBKOPUFY, RTYOBCHBMUS TEBOPC Y DPVBCHMSM: fBL YuFP TBOEE CH ZTPV YDH Y DKHNBA, YuFP OBDPVOP CHYDEFSH TBYOGKH NETSDH DPVTPA Y DHTOPA OTBCHUFCHOOOP UFSHA. OP S OE CHYOA ZTBZHB, RPFPNH YuFP OEF ENKH RPMSHSHCH CHTEDYFSH NOE, CHRTPYUEN, FERETSH, UMBCHB vPZH, CHUE LPOYUMPUSH.”

rPTBTsBEF FTBZYUEULBS FPOBMSHOPUFSH bFPZP RTEDUNETFOPZP RYUSHNB. o.r. TEBOBCH SUOP CHYDEM RTYVMYTSEOYE LPOGB Y KHFTBFYM CHETKH CHPNPTSOPUFSH VMBZPRPMHYUOPZP YUIPDB. BY DKHNBM FPMSHLP P RTPYMPN, RYUBM P ULPTPK CHUFTEYUE UP UCHPEK KHNETYEK TSEOPK Y HTSE OE CHYDEM CHNPTSOPUFY OPCHPZP YUBUFSHS. xFTBFB CHETCH CH VMBZPRPMHYuOSCHK YUIPD RTEDPRTEDEMYMB Y DBMSHOEKYE UPVSHFYS. dPVTBCHYYUSH DP lTBUOPSTULB, PO KHNET 1(13) NBTFB 1807 Z. lBL LFP KH OBU YUBUFP VSHCHBEF, GETLPCHSHY RBNSFOIL o.r. TEUBOPCHH CH LTBOOPSTULE VSHCHMY UOEUEOSCH CH 1930-I ZPDBI. ABOUT NEUFE RTEDRPMBZBENPZP ЪBIPTPOEOYS KHUIMYSNY PVEEUFCHEOOPUFY KHUFBOPCHMEO ULTPNOSHCHK RBNSFOSHCHK LBNEOSH U OBDRYUSHA:

TEUBOPCH o.r.

17. 5. 64-18. 6. 07

l UPTSBMEOYA, DBFB UNETFY RTY PYYVPYUOPN RETECHPDE ABOUT OPCHCHK UFYMSH (DMS XIX Part OBDP RTYVBCHMSFSH 12, B OE 13 MILKS) PLBBBMBUSH OECHETOPK, Y OYCE CHPURPYCHPDYFUS OBDRYUSH, UDEMBOOB WITH ABOUT RETCHPOBUBMSHOPN RBNSFOIL: “mEFB 1831-ZP BCHZHUFB 16-ZP DOS CHPDCHYZOKHF YTSDYCHEOYEN TPUUYKULP-bNETYLBOULPK LPNRBOYY CH POBNEOPCHBOIE OEBVCHOOOSCHI ЪBUMHZ, PLBBBOOSCHI EK DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHN LBNETZETPN OYLPMBEN REFTPCHYUEN TEOBOPCHSHCHN, LPFPTSCHK, CHPCHT BEBSUSH Y BNETYLY CH tPUUYA, ULPOYUBMUS CH ZPTPDE lTBOOPSTULE 1-ZP NBTFB 1807-ZP ZPDB, B RPZTEVEO 13 YUYUMB FPZP CE NEUSGB.”

h MYFETBFKHTE (PUPVEOOP ЪBTHVETSOPK) TBURTPUFTBOEB CHETUIS P FPN, YuFP lPOUERUSHPO OE VSHMP YJCHEUFOP P FPYUOSHI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI UNETFY UCHPEZP ChP'MAVMEOOPZP CHRMPFSH DP OBYUBMB 1 842 Z., LPZDB EK TBUULBЪBM PV LFPN DYTELFPT LPNRBOY zKhDOPPCHB UBMYCHB UHT dTsPTDC uynrupo, RTPPEIBCHYK O RKhFY Ch bNETYLH YUETE UYVYTSHY RPVSHCHBCHYYK ABOUT NPPZYME o.r. TEBOPCHB CH lTBOOPSTULE.

NETSDH FEN CH 1960'S ZPDSH CH UPVTBOY VKHNBZ b.b. vBTBOPCHB Y y. b. lHULPCHB CH zPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK VYVMYPFELE uuut YN. h.y. MEOYOB (VSHCHCHYEK tKHNSOGECHULPK, ​​B OSHCHOE zPUKHDBTUFCHOOOPK VYVMYPFELE tPUUYY) VSHMP PVOBTHTSEOP RYUSHNP ZMBCHOPZP RTBCHYFEMS TKHUULPK bNETYLY PFGH OECHEUFSH IPUE DE bTZKHMSHP Y VTB FH lPOUERUSHPO, YJCHEEBCHYYNUS P VECHTENOOOPK LPOYUYOYE o.r. TEUBOPCHB.

vBTBOPCH UPPVEBM, CH YUBUFOPUFY, YuFP teBOPCH RPLYOKHM OChP-bTIBOZEMSHUL 27 YAMS (8 BCHZKHUFB) 1806 Z., CH UEOFSVTE VMBZPRPMHYUOP DPVTBMUS DP pIPFULB Y, UMEDHS "RP NOP ZPFTKhDOPNKH CHEUSHNB RKhFY" Ch u.-REFETVHTZ, "ЪBOENPZ Y ULPOYUBMUS Ch ZPTPDE lTBUOPSTULE 1 (13) YYUMB NBTFB NEUSGB 1807 Z.” rYUSHNP vBTBOPCHB UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF FBLCE P FPN, YuFP DP UCHPEK VPMEJY UNETFY ABOUT RHFY CH u.-REFETVHTZ TEBOPC RP LTBKOEK NETE DCHBTDSCH RPDFCHETTSDBM UCHPE OBNETEOYE CHSHRPMOYFSH DBO OPE YN PWEEBOYE. “rP PUPVMYCHPK LP NOE VMBZPULMPOOPUFY RPLPCOPZP, KHLBSCCHBM vBTBOPC, YYCHEEEO S, YuFP CH VSCHFOPUFSH CH uBOLF-ZHTBOGSCHULPK LTERPUFY CHUFKHRIM PO U chBYN CHSHCHUPLPVMBZPTPDY EN CH PVSBOOPUFSH TPDUFCHB, UZPCHPTS RTELTBUOKHA DPYUSH chBYKH lPOUERGSHPO CH ЪBLPOOKHA OECHEUFKH, PVOBDETSSH CHPCHTBFIFSHUS YUETE 2 ZPDB L chBN" . RETED PFYAEDDPN YЪ OPChP-bTIBOZEMSHULB, B ЪBFEN YЪ pIPFULB TEBBOPCH RTPUYM vBTBOPCB "RTY UMKHYUBAEYIUS PLBYSI" RPDFCHETDYFSH, "UFP CHSHRPMOYF ON DBOOPE UMPC, CH PUPV MYCHHA YUEUFSH UEVE RPUFBCHMSS CHUENETOP FEIFSHUS... OENEDMEOOOP YUTE lBDYUULYK RPTF chBYEZP PFEYUEUFCHB CH OSHOE FELKHEEN 1808-N ZPDH L chBN PFRTBCHYFUS.” “OP chCHYOENH RTPCHEDEOYA, RYUBM vBTBOPC, OE KhZPDOP VSHMP YURPMOYFSH ZPTSYUEE EZP L TPDUFCHH chBYENH TSEMBOE. rPUFYZ RTETSDECHTENEOOOP PVEIK CHUEN UNETFOSCHK RTEDEM, B RPFPNH TBTEYYFSHUS DPMTSOB PVSBOOPUFSH Y UKHDSHVPA chBUYEK RTELTBUOPK DPYUETY UCHPVPDPA, P Yuen ЪB DPMZ UEVE CHNEOIM YJCHEUFYF W hBYYE CHCHUPLPVMBZPTPDYE RTY UMKHYYCHYEKUS FERETSH PLBYY.”

rTELTBUOBS lPOUERUSHPO, LBL NSCH OBEN, OE ChPURPMSH'PCHBMBUSH RTEDPUFBCHMEOOOPK EK UCHPVPDPK Y RTDPDPMTSBMB ITBOIFSH CH UETDGE CHETOPUFSH UCHPENKH MAVYNPNH ABOUT RTPFSTSEOY RSFYDEUSFY ME F, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFY 23 DELBVTS 1857 Z. oe UMEDHEF DKHNBFSH, PDOBLP, YuFP POB OE RTOYNBMB BLFYCHOPZP HYUBUFYS CH TSYOY. oBPVPTPF, CHUE LFP CHTENS POB RPNPZBMB VEJDPNOSHCHN Y ZPMPDOSCHN, "UFBCH YUEN-FP CHTPDE TBOOEK nBFETY FETESCH". h lBMYZHPTOY “HER OBMY LBL “La Beata” (“vMBZPUMPCHEOOBS”). vPMEE FPZP, MADI, OBCHYE lPOUERUSHPO, UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMY, UFP POB "TBURTPUFTBOSMB UNEY Y CHUEMSHE, ZHE VSHCH OH RPSCHMSMBUSH". h RPUMEDOYE ZPDSH lPOUERUSHPO RTERPDBCHBMB CH BLBDENYY uch. lBFETYOSCH UOBYUBMB CH nPOFETEE, B ЪBFEN CH VEOYYE, ZDE CH 1851 Z. RPUFTYZMBUSH, UFBCH RETCHPK NPOBIYOEK, TPTSDEOOOPK CH lBMYZHPTOYY.

y'CHEUFYE P VE'CHTENOOOPK LPOYUYOye o.r. TEBOPCHB VSHUFTP TBURTPUFTBOYMPUSH RP tPUUYY. ULERFYUEULY OBUFTPEOOOSCHK ECZEOYK (vPMIPCHYFYOPCH) RYUBM YЪ oPChZPTPDB CH BRTEME 1807 Z.: “UMBCHOSCHK OBY PLPMP UCHEFB RHFEYUFCHEOOIL LBNETZET TEBOPC, CHPCHTBEBSUSH YЪ pIPFULB CH REFETVHTZ... RP DPTPZE HNET RTPYMPZP nBTFB 1-ZP. CHPF Y RTEDEM UMBCHSHCH! In portu naufragium fecit! lBL OE ULBJBFSH: UHEFB UHEFUFCHYK Y CHUSYUEULBS UHEFB!!! b ON NEOS EEE KHZPCHBTYCHBM U OIN RHUFYFSHUS RP PLEBOKH ЪB UMBCHPA ".

rTETSDECHTENEOOBS UNETFSH o.r. TEBOPCHB OE DPMTSOB, PDOBLP, KHNBMSFSH EZP OEPURPTYNSCHI ЪBUMHZ RP PVKHUFTPKUFCHH TKHUULYI CHMBDEOYK CH BNETYLE. th IPFS LBNETZETH OE HDBMPUSH DPVIFSHUS "PFLTSCHFYS FPTZB" U sRPOYEK, KHUREYOPE RHFEYUFCHYE CH LBMYZHPTOYA URBUMP TSYFEMEK tHUULPK bNETYLY PF TEBMSHOPK KHZTPЪSH ZPMPDB.

h OBYUBME 1808 Z. RETCHOUFCHHAEIK DYTELFPT tbl n. n. VKHMDBLPCH PVTBFYMUS L bMELUBODTKH I U RTPUSHVPK "YUIPDBFBKUFCHPCHBFSH... UPZMBUYE NBDTYDULPZP DCHPTB" ABOUT PFLTSCHFYE FPTZPCHMY LPNRBOYY U YURBOULYNY CHMBDEOOYSNY CH BNETYLE Y T BYTEYEOY "RPUSCHMBFSH LBTSDSCHK ZPD OE VPMEE DCHHI UCHPYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMYZHPTOYKULYE RPTFSCH: uBOF-zhTBOGYULP, nPOFETEK Y UBOF-dYEZP" .

rTEDUFBCHMEOYE tbl OE PUFBMPUSH VE CHAINBOYS: 20 BRTEMS (2 NBS) 1808 Z. NYOYUFT YOPUFTBOOSHI DEM Y LPNNETGYY o.r. TKHNSOGECH DBM TPUUYKULPNH RPUMBOILH CH nBDTYDE z. b. uFTPZBOPCHH YOUFTHLGYY DPVYCHBFSHUS PF YURBOULPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TBTEYEOYS ABOUT RPUSHMLH ETSZPDOP DCHHI (B EUMY CHPNPTsOP, FP Y VPMEE) TKHUULYI LPTBVMEK CH LBMYZHPTOY KULYE RPTFSH, YuFP NPZMP VSC VSHFSH PZHTNMEOP ЪBLMAYUEOYEN UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEEK LPOCHEOGYY. UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH, TPUUYKULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP ZPFPChP VSCHMP TBBTEYYFSH "FBNPYOYN LPTBVMSN RTYIPDIFSH OE FPMSHLP CH RPTFSCH TPUUYKULP-BNETYLBOULYE, OP CH UBNPA lBNUBFLH, YUTE Kommersant YuFP Y PFLTPAFUS FPTZPCHSHCHE UOPYEOYS, PWAYN UFPTPOBN CHBYNOP RPMEOSCHE".

VHTOSH UPVSHCHFYS CH YURBOY CHUOPK 1808 Z. RPNEYBMY z. b. uFTPZBOPCHH CHSHRPMOYFSH YOUFTHLGYY o.r. TKHNSOGECHB, YuFP CHYDOP YEZP DPOUEEOYS YЪ nBDTYDB PF 28 NBS (9 YAOS). OBDETDSCH o.r. TEBOBOPCHB ABOUT FP, YuFP FPTZPCHMS U LBMYZHPTOYEK “OBNEOIFSHCHE YURPMYOULYE YBZY DEMBFSH VHDEF”, FBL Y PUFBMYUSH NEYUFBNY.

at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, LTHZPUCHEFOPE RMBCHBOIE TPUUYSO 1803-1806 ZZ. PFLTSCHMP GEMKHA UETYA TKHUULYI RKHFEEUFCHYK CHPLTHZ UCHEFB. dPUFBFPYuOP ULBJBFSH, YuFP U 1803 RP 1849 ZPD TKHUULYE NPTSLY UPCHETYYMY 34 LTHZPUCHEFOSHI RKhFEYUFCHYS VPMSHYE, YUEN BOZMYS Y ZhTBOGYS, CHNEUFE CHESFSHCHY. h DBMSHOEKYEN FBLYE RMBCHBOYS RTPYUIPDYMY RPYUFY ETSEZPDOP, Y DP 1867 Z. YI VSHMP UPCHETYEOP, DBTSE RP OERPMOSCHN DBOOSCHN, EEE PLPMP 40 . CHUE LFY RHFEYUFCHYS (IPFS OELPFPTSHCHE YЪ OYI OE VShchMY LTHZPUCHEFOSCHNY, F. L. RTPYUIPDYMY CH PDOPN RPMKHYBTYY) UPUFBCHYMY GEMHA LRPIKH THUULYI YUUMEDPCHBOYK NYTPCHPZ P PLEBOB, URPUPVUFCHPCHBMY ЪBEIFE TKHUULYI CHMBDEOYK ABOUT dBMSHOEN chPUFPLE Y CH BNETYLE Y RTYPVTEFEOYA NPTSLBNY GEOOZP PRSHCHFB DBMSHOYI NPTULYI RMBCHBOYK.

Every educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.

But it should be noted that this formulation is not completely correct. Magellan thought through and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first trip around the world. It was del Cano who eventually became captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to her home harbour) and gained fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during his dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first circumnavigator.

The first trip around the world: background

In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish sailors and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven route to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this route was not close and unsafe. Due to limited knowledge about the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors as an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew whether there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown South Land, but the Europeans wanted there to be one. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that opening the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.

Career of Ferdinand Magellan

By the age of 39, the impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magalhães) had visited Asia and Africa several times, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about his travels to the shores of America.

With his idea of ​​getting to the Moluccas by the western route and returning the usual way (that is, making the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese King Manuel. He was not at all interested in Magellan’s proposal, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change his citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), acquired a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and “gave the go-ahead” to organize the expedition.

Along the coast. Riot

Magellan's first voyage around the world, which was never completed for most of the team members, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different European countries. Despite the storms, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to “descend” along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which should have been located, according to his information, in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather completely deteriorated, the ships anchored in the Bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from there to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.

Strait of All Saints

One captain was killed, another was executed, the third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned the ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 did the ships leave the bay and continue searching for the strait. During a storm, the ship Santiago sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered a strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. Magellan's ships sailed along it for 38 days.

The admiral called the coast remaining on the left hand Tierra del Fuego, since Indian fires burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the Strait was renamed Magellan.

Pacific Ocean

Only three ships left the strait for the so-called “South Sea”: “San Antonio” disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the turbulent Atlantic. The ocean was named Pacific.

The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half the crew. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was already close to the Philippines.

Philippines. Death of Magellan

The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they regained their strength and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.

Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke fluently with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, ultimately became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in an internecine war between two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team was so thin that it was decided to destroy one of the ships, the Concepcion.

Moluccas. Return to Spain

Who led the first voyage around the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum at San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.

He ensured that the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. This was not easy to do: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 expedition members returned to San Lucar. The cargo they delivered covered all the costs of the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese only faced accusations of violating royal instructions.

Results of Magellan's journey

Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and discovered a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received strong evidence that the Earth was indeed round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean was much larger than expected, and that sailing on it to the Moluccas was unprofitable. Europeans also realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.

All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this man was del Cano, but still the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.

The first round-the-world voyage of Russian navigators

In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploring the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, and providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Yesso Island, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and also delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public resonance and contributed to increasing the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.

By the time of his second and most significant voyage around the world, Gagemeister Leonty Andrianovich was already an experienced navigator. He took part in hostilities, including participation in the battle of the Spanish fortress of San Pedro.

Hagemeister's first expedition ended, as indeed it began unexpectedly. “The first expedition, equipped at the expense of the RAC, set off under the command of Lieutenant Gagemeister and reached its destination, but due to the war that broke out at that time with the British, the return voyage became impossible. The ship was left in Kamchatka, and the crew returned to St. Petersburg by land.” 9

In 1816, by order of the Russian-American Trading Company, Lieutenant Commander Gagemeister was going on his second round-the-world expedition as commander of the ship Kutuzov. The second equipped ship “Suvorov” was headed by naval officer Z.I. Panafidin. The purpose of this expedition was to check the state of “Russian America” and the rule of Baranov N.A., since Baranov did not send reports on the rule, although he did send furs. There were rumors about embezzlement in the colonies.

On September 8, 1816, “Kutuzov” and “Suvorov” solemnly set off on a circumnavigation of the world. They rounded Cape Horn and made calls to the ports of Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro. But “Suvorov” was unable to continue the expedition due to overload, and was forced to go to Novoarkhangelsk by the shortest route.

"Kutuzov" continued his voyage. He arrived in Novoarkhangelsk much later than the Suvorov on November 24, 1817, bringing the necessary cargo to the colony and moored to carry out the mission. Following the order in which Gagemeister was appointed to manage the colony, he announced that he was entrusted with replacing A. A. Baranov.

From the very first days, Gagemeister took up the task assigned with great confidence. During his ten-month reign, he took a number of energetic and effective measures, wanting to improve the situation in the colony. He put colonial paperwork in order, restored the construction of the Novoarkhangelsk fortress, and established new rules for foreign ships entering the port. In the summer of 1818, he sent the expedition of Pyotr Korsakovsky to study Alaska in detail.

In June 1818, food problems arose in the colony, then Gagemeister went to California for food, leaving Yanovsky in charge of the colony. This naval officer did not yet imagine that Russian America would change not only his career, but also leave a deep mark on his life. 10

On October 24, 1818, Gagemeister transferred control of the colony to S.I. Yanovsky. 11 Having hastily completed all his business and removed the remaining gaps in the maps of the American coast, Gagemeister sets off home. Among the passengers of the Kutuzov was the fired Baranov himself, but he did not make it home, died on the ship and was buried at sea. 12

He carried out the return passage of “Kutuzov” from Sitka to Kronstadt in an exemplary manner. He completed his second circumnavigation of the world at the Great Kronstadt roadstead on September 7, 1819.

§7. F.P.'s circumnavigation of the world Wrangel on the transport "Meek" (1825-1827)

This was already the 25th circumnavigation of Russian sailors from Kronstadt to the Far East.

The military transport “Krotky”, 90 feet long, specially built for the upcoming voyage, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817-1819, left Kronstadt on August 23, 1825.

On board the transport ship “Korotky” under the command of Wrangel there was a young researcher F.F. Matyushkin as a volunteer. At this moment, his main dream comes true - to go on a trip around the world. Admiral Golovnin, who offered Wrangel a trip around the world on the military transport “Meek” to the shores of Kamchatka: “Take Matyushkin with you. And may God grant you to glorify your fatherland with a new voyage.” 13

There he gains experience from the famous navigator, and later becomes an admiral himself.

On this kind of expedition it was mandatory to take a doctor on board; Dr. August Erich Kieber went on this round-the-world expedition. He was a talented doctor and polar explorer. August Erich Kieber was from Livonia and studied in Berlin. Later, he always accompanied Wrangel on all expeditions. By order of the Medical Department of the Ministry of the Interior, the botanist I. Stuart was sent to the expedition as an assistant to Dr. Kiber. But the main task of I. Stuart was: collecting seeds, plants and other objects of natural history under the orders of Dr. Kiber. 14

The transport was supposed to deliver goods to Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Having stopped at Portsmouth, Rio de Janeiro, and Valparaiso on the way, Wrangel decided to also stop at the port of Chichagova on the island of Nukugiva (Marquesas Islands) along the way to replenish water supplies.

Ivashintsev, in his essay on Russian voyages around the world, notes that there was so little water on the Meek that only four cups per person were issued per day. This seems a little strange. Therefore, Captain Wrangel decides to call at the nearest safe port to replenish the ship’s holds with various provisions.

“It was necessary to go to some islands of the Great Ocean, and since the Washington Islands lie closest to our direct route and, moreover, sailing to them is not subject to danger from coral reefs and low-lying islands, with which the ocean is dotted in other places, then in honor of these “For this reason, I directed our voyage to the island of Nukagiwe, where a closed bay, known as the port of Chichagova, abounds in forest, fresh water and healthy fruits.” 15

On April 7, the Meek anchored off the island of Nukagiwa. One of the rare tragedies in the history of Russian navigation occurred here. Information about how this tragedy occurred is contradictory. 16

However, in the archival documents you can find a note: “Report of the commander of the military transport “Meek,” Lieutenant Commander F.P. Wrangel". Where the incident is described in detail.

On April 16, the chief of the “Wild Ones,” 17 as he called the local population, wished them a pig as a gift. To which Wrangel agreed, and at the moment of handing over the gift, the savages opened fire using the firearms they had. The ship's mastman, Deibner, died.

It was decided to pacify the savages by force, and a boat was sent with Lieutenant Lavrov and twelve armed sailors. 18 One of the sailors was immediately killed, some managed to escape. But the savages were merciless. Under gunfire from the shore, the "Short" sailed from the port into the sea, leaving four armed sailors at the mercy of the savages. There were about four hundred savages. “At 8 o’clock we went out to sea, having lost the rope in the narrowness, and all night we heard screams and saw lights on the shore.” 19

The Englishman and the sailor abandoned the boat near the shore and swam to the ship “Korotky”. Also saved were “an Indian and one Nukagivian who remained on the “Meek”, the first three to save them from the monsters, and the last one was detained by Wrangel by force at the very beginning of the attack.” 20

Captain Wrangel decided to enlist the Indian, the Englishman and the Nukagivian among the sailors, declaring the following: “for experience has proven to me that in difficult work it is impossible to do without them.” 21

Ivashintsev writes that until April 16, “relations with the residents were constantly friendly.” 22 Only thanks to the “zeal and ingenuity of the officers and the tireless efficiency of all ranks and servants” the expedition team managed to go out to sea and escape.

Thus, the “Korotky” transport left the parking lot ahead of schedule and set off to continue the expedition. The voyage from Valparaiso to Kamchatka, as Wrangel wrote, “had no success in terms of hydrographic surveys” 23 . Subsequently, the “Meek” sailed without calling at ports for 109 days.

Now on the world map about 13 large geographical points bear the name of the outstanding Russian navigator, scientist and statesman F.P. Wrangel 24 . After all, the captain made many more lesser-known expeditions.

After returning from Irkutsk to St. Petersburg, Ferdinand Petrovich was awarded a lifelong pension in the amount of an annual lieutenant's salary, promoted to the next rank and was granted 4 years of service to receive the Order of St. George.

The significance of this expedition turned out to be very significant. As during other Russian expeditions around the world, Wrangel conducted meteorological observations and found out the inaccuracy of the data from the chronometers purchased from the French. 25 But in general, thanks to the assistance in meteorological observations of the ship’s officers, and especially Lieutenant Lavrov, the data can be considered reliable.

Important scientific material is contained in the “Daily Notes” that Wrangel kept throughout the voyage, which reflect observations of ocean currents, wind, tides, phenomenal meteorological phenomena, as well as data on the ethnography of the peoples of South America and the Pacific basin.

By land, through all of Siberia, he reached from St. Petersburg to Okhotsk and by sea headed to the capital of Russia's overseas possessions. Wrangel remained in the post of chief ruler until 1835. He explored the western coast of North America from the Bering Strait to Fort Ross. In addition, near Novoarkhangelsk he founded an observatory for constant observations of the weather and magnetic field.